Online handwriting is a dynamic signal that can support digital watermarking, but existing studies have mainly evaluated individual embedding methods, leaving limited structured evidence on the joint relationship between payload, distortion, robustness, and host-signal characteristics. This paper addresses this gap through a comparative framework that combines cross-dataset host-signal characterization with a controlled evaluation of representative…

Japanese agriculture faces pressing challenges, including a declining and aging farming population and the need to adapt to climate change. To address these issues, Smart Agriculture is being introduced to improve production efficiency. Among these, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have gained attention for their ability to rapidly monitor entire fields. We proposed a machine learning-based…