1. Introduction

This paper is an extension of work originally presented in Wireless Technologies, Embedded and Intelligent Systems (WITS) [1]. It concerns the security in Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) systems. The implementation of this technology in many industrial fields has recently attracted a lot of attention. Due to its important role of identifying people as well as objects, and data tracking, RFID is becoming more and more popular as an important topic of research. In particular, with the emergence of the Internet of things (IoT) paradigm that refers to a kind of networks that links physical objects to the internet to exchange data [2] and where RFID plays a key role. Besides, RFID is considered to be the next generation of barcode technology which is the case in many countries [2]. The use of RFID technology in several domains including supply chain, healthcare, transportation, education and many other fields have significant advantages including the flexible way of deployment with low cost, the possibility of integration and cooperation with Wireless Sensor Network nodes [2]. However, despite its numerous advantages, RFID technology still brings out many challenges including technical problems, customer privacy issues, coexistence of heterogeneous RFID standards [3] and more importantly security and privacy concerns. In fact, an RFID system consists of tags that store the data, readers interacting with the tags and transmitting information to backend servers and finally a network canal that manages this communication [4]. This architecture multiplies the sources of security problems and threats.

Several types of attacks can target the RFID system depending on each part is more vulnerable to the attacker. For example, the modification of the data, Cloning technique, and impersonation can be applied at level tags, whereas the reverse engineering, Eavesdropping Side Channel Attacks can affect the communication between backend servers, readers and tags [5].

In the research field, many of solutions and techniques assuring security and privacy come with processing and cryptographic algorithms such as Elliptic Curve Cryptographic (ECC) technique or mutual authentication mode between all RFID system parts. Most of these techniques remain far from being implemented in practice due to the limited resources of storing in tags and the low capacity of processing and executing complex operations. Furthermore, RFID customers require some guaranties that data contained in tags or exchanged remain private and highly protected against tracking and customer identity reconnaissance. A guarantee must be provided to customers aiming to adopt RFID in their own goals by ensuring that their private data stored in the tags will remain private and protected against spying and tracking

This work presents a clear vision about the concerns of security and privacy in an RFID system. Precisely we compare recent works dealing with security and privacy in an RFID system according to which layer the author is aiming to secure. To achieve this goal, we define some parameters and requirements such as CAI (Confidentiality, Availability and Integrity) based on the information suggested in [6]. We present for each work the category and the technique of solution used to deal with a typical defined attack. In addition, we verify for each work the application of RFID standards. Finally, we propose a device added scheme solution that we have used to enhance security in the access control scenario.

This paper is organized in 5 sections. The Section 2 summarizes the basics components of an RFID system, some examples of applications and a summarized review on most challenges and research directions where we concentrate on the problem of security. The section 3 presents our comparative study based on our parameters defining this study. The section 4 illustrates the smart card based biometrics solution to enhance RFID security and finally section 5 concludes this paper.

2. Background on RFID technology

In this part, we present the components of a typical RFID system, besides the related security challenges.

2.1.  RFID Basics

An RFID system consists of 6 main components as shown in Figure 1:

• Tag: A tag is the data carrier and normally contains the ID number, and unique EPC code programmed into the tag.
• Reader & antenna: A reader captures the data provided by the tag when tags come in range of the area covered by the reader using its antenna.
• Middleware: The middleware can be a software as well as hardware dedicated to process data captured by the Reader, then dispatch this information to backend servers.
• Backend servers: The backend servers are the last station to make use of the data collected from RFID components. The information collected can be stored in database or sent to other systems for reporting and further analysis.
• Network infrastructure: Stands for the link between all RFID components which represents the main sources of RFID security and privacy threats.

2.2.  Application domains

Animal tracking

RFID tagging systems are considered as powerful tools for animal identification management and tracking. Their benefits go beyond controlling the spread of diseases and ensuring quality-assured and safe food for consumers.

As an example of the application of RFID technology for animal tracking, an approach enabling an effective localization and tracking of small-sized laboratory animals was suggested in [7]

Logistics

The implementation of RFID technologies in logistics environments is increasingly attracting. The investment in this technology has shown that RFID is highly promising for identifying an object uniquely and providing the capability for “complete traceability” [8]. Moreover, it has been recognized as an effective solution to eliminate or reduce inventory inaccuracies [9].

As an example of the use of RFID technology in logistics, food and beverage industry where RFID is an important factor in reducing shrinkage and labor costs, ensure products monitoring and critical situation detection and improving customer QoS [10].

Fig.1: RFID system components

Intelligent transportation

The transport domain has widely benefited from the RFID adaptation due the ease of deployment of intelligence into each vehicle with a low cost approach [11].A vehicle emission inspection and notification system aiming to help daily monitoring of engine emissions through RFID devices was proposed in [12]. Also, a wireless system based on RFID technology was used to manage taxi fleets at the airports, train stations, bus terminals and all the taxis in cities [13]. RFID is also used in tolls collection as shown in Figure 2.

Healthcare

The use of RFID technology in the healthcare domain is making the patient’s quality of care better. In fact, besides the collecting of information related to the patient as his presence inside a room and his health but also environment parameters can be detected such as temperature, humidity, and the presence of toxic gas [14].

In the same context, several efforts and research works have been made in this area. Exemplary, authors in [15] suggest a passive RFID platform for monitoring people during the night which deploys a long-range UHF RFID reader, wearable tags integrated into clothes, and ambient tags dispersed in the environment, as well as a software engine for real-time processing and with warning modules [15].

Fig.2: A toll collection using RFID [13]

2.3.  RFID major issues

We address in this section some of the prominent issues related to RFID technologies and that still remain challenging topics of interest for a vast number of researchers.

Several works tried to study and gather the issues related the RFID to provide a baseline for researchers to understand the different sources as well as measures that can ensure the safety of sensitive data but more importantly to satisfy customers’ needs and requirements in terms of efficiency, security and privacy.  Among the most RFID challenges, we found technical problems, customer privacy issues and appliance to RFID standards [3]. In our work, we will focus on the last two problems which were taken into account in our comparative study (Section 3).

Technical problems

Among the biggest challenges during the implementation of an RFID system is studying the physical characteristics and capabilities of its components. In fact, the limited resource of storing information inside the tag, the low data processing and execution of complex operations can be a serious problem of performance and lack of mandatory features. In addition, due to the star architecture of the system, the reader can be the point of crush of the whole system, this problem occurs when a large number of items with RFID tags are energized by an RFID reader at the same time which leads to a confusion at the level of the reader and prevent it from tag scanning. A similar problem occurs when the coverage area of one RFID reader overlaps with another reader which leads to a signal interference and multiple reads of the same tag.

Standardization problems

Several efforts were dedicated to solve the problem of lacking of common RFID standards but the issue is still remaining in the industrial field. In fact, different standards coexist in parallel with divergent interests among which there is ISO 11784 that is utilized in the tracking of RFID cattle, the ISO 11785 for interface protocol, ISO 14443 for application of smart cards in payments and ISO 15693 that is applied to vicinity cards. The development of the electronic product codes (EPC) has been conceived to fill this need.

Obviously, the fact each of the existing standards is associated to a specific part of the RFID system make it different to deploy and protect data within an RFID system where tags standards can not comply with the communication standards for instance. Thus, it is of upmost importance to take into account the compliance to standards when implementing any RFID-based solution.

Security and privacy

Among the advantages of the deployment of RFID system is rendering the identification task automatically also gaining on performance and the ease of execution. All these benefits are not very useful is security and privacy are not guaranteed. For this reason, while designing an RFID system, many parameters should be taken into account to ensure a primary level of security, In fact, the data inside the tag, exchanged with the reader or dispatched to the back-end servers must be confidential, available and unchangeable (CIA characteristics). However, ensuring a full secure system which means keeping the whole system safe and operational, it remains a difficult task due to the several sources of attacks and threats that can coexist in parallel in some scenarios.

• Table 1. RFID Typical attacks

During our research, many papers mentioned in their solutions some typical attacks that can take place in RFID systems, in the Table 1 below, we list some of most known attacks.

Many countermeasures and capabilities are proposed in literature to ensure security of the RFID system such as Pseudo-random based solution, Anonymous-ID scheme, symmetric and asymmetric cryptographic algorithms and others hashing based schemes [2].

Apart from the security aspect, the privacy is considered as a critical issue aiming to protect personal information. The expansion of the technology in several domains is not passing without risks regarding the privacy the person since his identity information are associated to RFID chips that can be tracked and identified without his knowledge. As explained in table1 and due to the small size if RFID tags, they can be nested in personnel objects and clothes without being detected. The person movement and information are tracked and analyzed each time he come in range of the compatible reader area.

Some countermeasures and solutions were developed to protect personal data and reduce tracking capabilities. The table below illustrates the main techniques proposed in the literature studied for our classification.

• Table 2. Some main countermeasures for privacy

3. The comparative study

In this section, we will present the goal of our study besides the parameters defined for classification used to compare the selected academic works.

3.1.  Motivation and design goal

Several levels of security can be applied to a typical RFID system, besides the nature of its architecture leads us to classify the solutions depending on each part of the system the attacks can take place. Furthermore, we refer to [6] to consider the three security main classes to classify the security threats in the reviewed works: Confidentiality, availability and integrity (CAI).

As defined in [6], the RFID system can be presented as three main layers: 1) RFID Edge Hardware Layer, 2) Communication Layer and 3) Backend Layer. The possible threats and attacks related to each layer are mentioned based on CAI properties. In our work, besides classifying the attacks related to RFID security, we present also the solutions and techniques used to counter these problems. In [5], most of protection techniques can belong to specific categories as presented in Figure 3:

Fig.3: RFID security classes

In our study, we focus on recent works dealing with security and privacy, and we classify them according to the layers previously (attacks and solutions). In addition, we take into consideration other security requirements and parameters rather than CAI (untraceability, non-repudiation, forward secrecy, anonymity …).

Furthermore, we present the type of solutions and techniques dedicated for each layer and the attacks that can be related. At the end, we verify for each studied work the use and conformity to RFID standards. In this way, the following parameters are taken into account in our comparative study:

• Privacy-focus / Security-focus: Indicates whether the solution proposed take into account the security or consider privacy as the main concern.
• Problem description and classification: this parameter indicated which part of the system the problem can belong to. For this, we refer to the classification explained above.
• Parameters of Security/Privacy considered: Here we extract the security/privacy parameters considered by each author. Some papers focus on traditional security goals (confidentiality, integrity and availability) while other solutions take into account additional properties such as authorization, authentication, or forward secrecy.

Clearly, there are other properties to consider when authors focus in privacy as a main concern. These parameters include identity protection, anonymity and untraceability and. It is worth noting that these parameters are whether clearly cited in the paper or deducted.

• Solution category: As argued before, we have six mains classes of RFID solutions. For each of the twelve works studied we specify the class solution.
• Techniques used: For each class of solutions, we mention the techniques that have been exploited to ensure security and privacy. Precisely, this includes cryptographic-based and no cryptographic-based methods.
• Compliance to RFID standards? Compliance to standards is considered as a primordial issue that need be highly highlighted. In this goal, for each studied work, we check the compliance to RFID or communication standards or if at least this issue is mentioned or an attention has been paid to by authors.
• Examples of security attacks/ Threats considered: this parameter indicates the security/ privacy attacks cited and treated in each paper. In the table below, the attack is defined for each part of the system it can occur and the solutions proposed to secure the system form this type of threats.

The objective of our comparative study as shown in Table 3, is not only presenting and classifying the security solutions and techniques regarding each of the recent studied paper but also making visible for researches and companies aiming to adopt an RFID system what are threats and attacks that should be taken into accounts while designing their systems.

As described before, the classification-based layer level helped us to locate the scope of each solution. Furthermore, during the study of the twelve works, we found that additional security / privacy parameters are considered rather than the traditional ones (CAI) in order to identify the several security/privacy threats. For Example, scalability is a primordial while aiming to enhance the system dimensions; some papers such as [24] consider scalability as a first topic while designing their solution. In fact, as mentioned in [22], this parameter remains among the real constraints of the majority of security solutions. Many techniques can be deployed to achieve scalability such as Checks handoff technique. As described in [24], this method was deployed to design a secure protocol supporting IoT.

Concerning techniques used, mutual authentication has taken more focus by authors as indicated in the works [20,16, 24] since, this security method is not only used in server’s part but also between the reader and tags.

Concerning the security/privacy focus, many works try to ensure customer’s privacy in their secured developed solutions and protocols. For instance, in [17, 20] intractability and an anonymous communication are taking into account to protect users’ privacy. Thus, we noticed from the works presented in Table 3 that most of the solutions do not only focus on security or on privacy individually but these two concepts should be both take into consideration.

The second conclusion, we have subtracted from the Table 3 was that several works does not focus only on a single part of the system but they try to cover the whole layers (physical layer, communication layer, Back-end layer) that we have described in the section before.

For instance, authors in [18], propose two algorithms implemented by the Back-End server and a two-party protocol between the Back-End Server and a tag. In this way, two security methods were suggested in [20], the first contribution covers the backend layer by proposing two authentication (mutual and collaborative) schemes for both fixed and mobile readers, and the second contribution consisted at defining a secure channel between the reader and server in the communication layer. The main idea that we try to highlight is to not only paying attention to the data stored into tag or only securing communication between tags and reader but all the whole trajectory of data from data collecting to data storing in backend server.

As presented in Table 3, very few works we have studied focus on the device added schemes solution category. As an example, authors in [19] propose a solution that consist of changing the physical architecture of the RFID reader by dividing it into two different devices, an RF activator and a trusted shield device (TSD) playing an intermediary role between tags and reader for a secure communication [16].

In this way, the authors in [22] used the Physically Unclonable Functions (PUF) to secure data at level of tags (PUF is a security technology that seeks to introduce physical variation into individual devices taking part in cryptographic protocols [26]).

It is of upmost importance to tackle the issue of the RFID standardization. Indeed, and as illustrated in our comparative study, some works take into consideration the conformity of their solutions to RFID standards [12, 18, 19, 20, 20, 23, 24]. Intuitively, before designing any secure RFID solution it is crucial to verify whether this solution respects RFID standards or not.

Table 3:  A comparative study of some security/privacysolutions in RFID systems

4. RFID combining solution

4.1.  Motivation

The comparative study presented in section 3, has shown many robust solutions and techniques that may counter several attacks, most of the techniques are based on cryptographic schemes and deal with direct attacks on physical layer of the RFID system components such as the tag and reader, whereas other techniques focus on the communication between readers and tags or reader and the backend servers to prevent the system from network attacks such as eavesdropping, man-in-the middle or desynchronization attacks.

Aiming to apply the RFID in the campus environment, we found that some scenarios are not totally secured. So, we propose to combine the RFID technology with other technologies to enhance security in the whole system.

4.2.  Smart card based biometrics solution design

The RFID technology can be applied in many areas inside the university campus as shown below, in our work we focus on access control to exams rooms and sensitive areas like laboratories.

• Exams room
• Campus
• Research laboratories
• Library
• Staff offices
• Computer room

For instance, if we take the example of accessing to laboratories, the identity check must be verified before allowing the person access to the area. Based on the solutions proposed in Table 3, a cryptographic technique can be deployed in the inside the tag and the reader to secure the tag reading. However, the two main problems in our case are indicated in Figure 4.

For this reason, our method consists of enhancing the RFID technology by using smart card based biometrics solution. In fact, the RFID technology is seen as the fast-automatic technique of identification, whereas, the smart card check can support complex operations of cryptographic check as indicated in [27]. In addition, the biometric fingerprint will help us to check the true identity of the person aiming to access to the secured area.  In Figure 5, we present the proposed system combining RFID with the smart card-based biometrics verification.

Fig.4: Access control issues in RFID system

As detailed in [27]. The step one consists of reading the RFID tag when it comes in range with the RFID reader. After that, in the step 2, the person’s tag is sent to the local database to check if it belongs to the person’s tags allowing him access the secure area. Once validated, the person inserts his smartcard and puts his fingerprint for validation. In this case, a first match-on-card is established comparing the user fingerprint with the other one stored in the smartcard. If the check is performed successfully, the fingerprint is sent to the database to verify that no changes were made on the couple (fingerprint, Tag ID). Finally, the door is opened if all the conditions are satisfied.

Fig.5: Components of the proposed system

Fig.6: Flowchart of the access control system in sensitive areas [27]

In the proposed solution, we have chosen to combine smart card biometrics solutions with RFID in order to respect the limited resources and capabilities inside the tag for performing complex operations. Furthermore, even if the smart card is falsified or the person ask for authentication with a borrowed RFID tag, the verification explained above based multi-level of security will deny his access to the secured room. The flowchart in Figure 6 summarizes the sequence of actions during the authentication process. The system presented above meets the need presented in Figure 4 which are not guaranteed in the solutions presented in section 3.

5. Conclusion

In this paper, we have presented some recent works aiming to ensure security and Privacy in RFID systems. In particular, we tried to classify these solutions in order to provide a clear understanding of the different threats and risks related to security and privacy.

To achieve this goal, we compared some solutions according to the traditional security and privacy objectives. Also, we mentioned that additional parameters such as scalability and efficiency should be taken into account besides the traditional security and privacy objectives.

In addition, we proposed a combined solution using RFID and smartcard based biometrics to ensure performance and cover some security gaps detected while designing our RFID system. As future work, we plan to develop our device added scheme solution, by studying more the technical possibilities of its implementation inside the campus.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgment

This research is performed inside the MATSI Lab., ESTO, University Mohammed First, Oujda (Morocco).

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12. Sutham Satthamsakul, Ari Kuswantori, Witsarut Sriratana, Worapong Tangsrirat, Taweepol Suesut, "Landmarking Technique for Improving YOLOv4 Fish Recognition in Various Background Conditions", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 100–107, 2023. doi: 10.25046/aj080312
13. Mario Cuomo, Federica Massimi, Francesco Benedetto, "Detecting CTC Attack in IoMT Communications using Deep Learning Approach", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 130–138, 2023. doi: 10.25046/aj080215
14. Richard Romero Izurieta, Segundo Moisés Toapanta Toapanta, Luis Jhony Caucha Morales, María Mercedes Baño Hifóng, Eriannys Zharayth Gómez Díaz, Oscar Marcelo Zambrano Vizuete, Luis Enrique Mafla Gallegos, José Antonio Orizaga Trejo, "Prototype to Identify the Capacity in Cybersecurity Management for a Public Organization", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 108–115, 2023. doi: 10.25046/aj080113
15. Sathyabama Kaliyapillai, Saruladha Krishnamurthy, Thiagarajan Murugasamy, "An Ensemble of Voting- based Deep Learning Models with Regularization Functions for Sleep Stage Classification", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 84–94, 2023. doi: 10.25046/aj080110
16. Fatima-Zahra Elbouni, Aziza EL Ouaazizi, "Birds Images Prediction with Watson Visual Recognition Services from IBM-Cloud and Conventional Neural Network", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 181–188, 2022. doi: 10.25046/aj070619
17. Segundo Moisés Toapanta Toapanta, Rodrigo Humberto Del Pozo Durango, Luis Enrique Mafla Gallegos, Eriannys Zharayth Gómez Díaz, Yngrid Josefina Melo Quintana, Joan Noheli Miranda Jimenez, Ma. Roció Maciel Arellano, José Antonio Orizaga Trejo, "Prototype to Mitigate the Risks, Vulnerabilities and Threats of Information to Ensure Data Integrity", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 139–150, 2022. doi: 10.25046/aj070614
18. Tarek Nouioua, Ahmed Hafid Belbachir, "The Security of Information Systems and Image Processing Supported by the Quantum Computer: A review", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 77–86, 2022. doi: 10.25046/aj070609
19. Ibrahim Alwhbi Alharbi, Ali Jaber Almalki, Mnassar Alyami, Cliff Zou, Yan Solihin, "Profiling Attack on WiFi-based IoT Devices using an Eavesdropping of an Encrypted Data Frames", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 49–57, 2022. doi: 10.25046/aj070606
20. Muhammad Musleh Uddin, Kazi Rafiqul Islam, Md. Monirul Kabir, "An Improved Model to Analyze the Impact of Cyber-Attacks on Power Systems", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 27–34, 2022. doi: 10.25046/aj070504
21. Kamil Halouzka, Ladislav Burita, Aneta Coufalikova, Pavel Kozak, Petr Františ, "A Comparison of Cyber Security Reports for 2020 of Central European Countries", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 105–113, 2022. doi: 10.25046/aj070414
22. Tiny du Toit, Hennie Kruger, Lynette Drevin, Nicolaas Maree, "Deep Learning Affective Computing to Elicit Sentiment Towards Information Security Policies", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 152–160, 2022. doi: 10.25046/aj070317
23. Afsah Sharmin, Farhat Anwar, S M A Motakabber, Aisha Hassan Abdalla Hashim, "A Secure Trust Aware ACO-Based WSN Routing Protocol for IoT", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 95–105, 2022. doi: 10.25046/aj070311
24. Bougar Marieme, Ziyati El Houssaine, "Analysis Methods and Classification Algorithms with a Novel Sentiment Classification for Arabic Text using the Lexicon-Based Approach", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 12–18, 2022. doi: 10.25046/aj070302
25. Khosro Salmani, Ken Barker, "Leakage-abuse Attacks Against Forward Private Searchable Symmetric Encryption", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 156–170, 2022. doi: 10.25046/aj070216
26. Kartit Zaid, Diouri Ouafaa, "Taxonomy of Security Techniques for Routing Protocols in Mobile Ad-hoc Networks", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 25–31, 2022. doi: 10.25046/aj070203
27. Mohammad M. Qabajeh, "Ethical Implications and Challenges in using Social Media: A Comprehensive Study", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 47–52, 2022. doi: 10.25046/aj070105
28. Janusz Gurzynski, Lukasz Kajda, Marcin Tarasiuk, Tomasz Samotyjak, Zbigniew Stachowicz, Slawomir Kownacki, "Control and Monitoring Systems in Medium Voltage Distribution Networks in Poland – Current Status and Directions of Development", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 112–118, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060615
29. Mostafa Yacoub, Amira Rezk, Mohamed Senousy, "Enhancing Decision Trees for Data Stream Mining", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 330–334, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060537
30. Boris Kontsevoi, Sergei Terekhov, "TETRA™ Techniques to Assess and Manage the Software Technical Debt", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 303–309, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060534
31. Osaretin Eboya, Julia Binti Juremi, "iDRP Framework: An Intelligent Malware Exploration Framework for Big Data and Internet of Things (IoT) Ecosystem", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 185–202, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060521
32. Jianhua Yang, Lixin Wang, Yien Wang, "Enhance Student Learning Experience in Cybersecurity Education by Designing Hands-on Labs on Stepping-stone Intrusion Detection", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 355–367, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060440
33. Valerii Dmitrienko, Serhii Leonov, Aleksandr Zakovorotniy, "New Neural Networks for the Affinity Functions of Binary Images with Binary and Bipolar Components Determining", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 91–99, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060411
34. Anh Nguyen-Duc, Manh-Viet Do, Quan Luong-Hong, Kiem Nguyen-Khac, Hoang Truong-Anh, "On the Combination of Static Analysis for Software Security Assessment – A Case Study of an Open-Source e-Government Project", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 921–932, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj0602105
35. Susanto Kumar Ghosh, Mohammad Rafiqul Islam, "Convolutional Neural Network Based on HOG Feature for Bird Species Detection and Classification", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 733–745, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060285
36. Bismark Tei Asare, Kester Quist-Aphetsi, Laurent Nana, "Node-Node Data Exchange in IoT Devices Using Twofish and DHE", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 622–628, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060271
37. Rubin Thottupurathu Jose, Sojan Lal Poulose, "Ontology Based Privacy Preservation over Encrypted Data using Attribute-Based Encryption Technique", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 378–386, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060244
38. Zarina Din, Dian Indrayani Jambari, Maryati Mohd Yusof, Jamaiah Yahaya, "Challenges in IoT Technology Adoption into Information System Security Management of Smart Cities: A Review", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 99–112, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060213
39. Saliha Assoul, Anass Rabii, Ounsa Roudiès, "An Operational Responsibility and Task Monitoring Method: A Data Breach Case Study", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 1157–1163, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj0601130
40. Alisson Steffens Henrique, Anita Maria da Rocha Fernandes, Rodrigo Lyra, Valderi Reis Quietinho Leithardt, Sérgio D. Correia, Paul Crocker, Rudimar Luis Scaranto Dazzi, "Classifying Garments from Fashion-MNIST Dataset Through CNNs", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 989–994, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj0601109
41. Mandlenkosi Shezi, Abejide Ade-Ibijola, "Deaf Chat: A Speech-to-Text Communication Aid for Hearing Deficiency", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 826–833, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj0505100
42. Mohammed Hamim, Ismail El Moudden, Hicham Moutachaouik, Mustapha Hain, "Gene Selection for Cancer Classification: A New Hybrid Filter-C5.0 Approach for Breast Cancer Risk Prediction", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 871–878, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060196
43. Reem Bayari, Ameur Bensefia, "Text Mining Techniques for Cyberbullying Detection: State of the Art", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 783–790, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060187
44. Anass Barodi, Abderrahim Bajit, Taoufiq El Harrouti, Ahmed Tamtaoui, Mohammed Benbrahim, "An Enhanced Artificial Intelligence-Based Approach Applied to Vehicular Traffic Signs Detection and Road Safety Enhancement", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 672–683, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060173
45. Inna Valieva, Iurii Voitenko, Mats Björkman, Johan Åkerberg, Mikael Ekström, "Multiple Machine Learning Algorithms Comparison for Modulation Type Classification Based on Instantaneous Values of the Time Domain Signal and Time Series Statistics Derived from Wavelet Transform", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 658–671, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060172
46. Hendro Arieyanto, Andry Chowanda, "Classification of Wing Chun Basic Hand Movement using Virtual Reality for Wing Chun Training Simulation System", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 250–256, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060128
47. Ndiatenda Ndou, Ritesh Ajoodha, Ashwini Jadhav, "A Case Study to Enhance Student Support Initiatives Through Forecasting Student Success in Higher-Education", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 230–241, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060126
48. Devika K N, Ramesh Bhakthavatchalu, "Modified Blockchain based Hardware Paradigm for Data Provenance in Academia", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 66–77, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060108
49. Arwa Alshamsi, Reem Bayari, Said Salloum, "Sentiment Analysis in English Texts", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 1683–1689, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj0506200
50. Pranay Bhardwaj, Carla Purdy, Nawar Obeidat, "A Novel Way to Design ADS-B using UML and TLA+ with Security as a Focus", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 1657–1665, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj0506197
51. Hesham Aly El Zouka, Mustafa Mohamed Hosni, "Time Granularity-based Privacy Protection for Cloud Metering Systems", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 1278–1285, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj0506152
52. Boughanja Manale, Tomader Mazri, "5G, Vehicle to Everything Communication: Opportunities, Constraints and Future Directions", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 1089–1095, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj0506132
53. Rewan Kumar Dahal, Ganesh Bhattarai, Dipendra Karki, "Determinants of Technological and Innovation Performance of the Nepalese Cellular Telecommunications Industry from the Customers’ Perspective", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 1013–1020, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj0506122
54. Jinwon Cheon, Sunwoong Choi, "Hand Gesture Classification using Inaudible Sound with Ensemble Method", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 967–971, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj0506115
55. Abdulla Obaid Al Zaabi, Chan Yeob Yeun, Ernesto Damiani, Gaemyoung, "An Enhanced Conceptual Security Model for Autonomous Vehicles", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 853–864, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj0506102
56. Hao Tuan Huynh, Nghia Duong-Trung, Dinh Quoc Truong, Hiep Xuan Huynh, "Vietnamese Text Classification with TextRank and Jaccard Similarity Coefficient", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 363–369, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050644
57. Jim Scheibmeir, Yashwant Malaiya, "Multi-Model Security and Social Media Analytics of the Digital Twin", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 323–330, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050639
58. Munaf Salim Najim Al-Din, "Real-Time Identification and Classification of Driving Maneuvers using Smartphone", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 193–205, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050623
59. Fei Gao, Jiangjiang Liu, "Effective Segmented Face Recognition (SFR) for IoT", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 36–44, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050605
60. Daniyar Nurseitov, Kairat Bostanbekov, Maksat Kanatov, Anel Alimova, Abdelrahman Abdallah, Galymzhan Abdimanap, "Classification of Handwritten Names of Cities and Handwritten Text Recognition using Various Deep Learning Models", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 934–943, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj0505114
61. Gökalp Çınarer, Bülent Gürsel Emiroğlu, Recep Sinan Arslan, Ahmet Haşim Yurttakal, "Brain Tumor Classification Using Deep Neural Network", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 765–769, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050593
62. Gautama Wijaya, Nico Surantha, "Multi-layered Security Design and Evaluation for Cloud-based Web Application: Case Study of Human Resource Management System", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 674–679, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050583
63. Lana Abdulrazaq Abdullah, Muzhir Shaban Al-Ani, "CNN-LSTM Based Model for ECG Arrhythmias and Myocardial Infarction Classification", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 601–606, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050573
64. Mika Karjalainen, Tero Kokkonen, "Review of Pedagogical Principles of Cyber Security Exercises", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 592–600, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050572
65. Alami Hamza, Noureddine En-Nahnahi, Said El Alaoui Ouatik, "Contextual Word Representation and Deep Neural Networks-based Method for Arabic Question Classification", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 478–484, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050559
66. Nittaya Kerdprasop, Kittisak Kerdprasop, Paradee Chuaybamroong, "Economic and Environmental Analysis of Life Expectancy in China and India: A Data Driven Approach", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 308–313, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050539
67. Liana Khamis Qabajeh, Mohammad Moustafa Qabajeh, "Detailed Security Evaluation of ARANz, ARAN and AODV Protocols", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 176–192, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050523
68. Martin Marinov, Alexander Efremov, "Four-Dimensional Sparse Data Structures for Representing Text Data", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 154–166, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050521
69. Pham Minh Nam, Phu Tran Tin, "Analysis of Security-Reliability Trade-off for Multi-hop Cognitive Relaying Protocol with TAS/SC Technique", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 54–62, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050508
70. Adamu Abdullahi Garba, Maheyzah Muhamad Siraj, Siti Hajar Othman, "An Explanatory Review on Cybersecurity Capability Maturity Models", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 762–769, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050490
71. Tran Thanh Dien, Nguyen Thanh-Hai, Nguyen Thai-Nghe, "Deep Learning Approach for Automatic Topic Classification in an Online Submission System", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 700–709, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050483
72. Panida Lorwongtrakool, Phayung Meesad, "Correlation-Based Incremental Learning Network for Gas Sensors Drift Compensation Classification", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 660–666, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050479
73. Anouar Bachar, Noureddine El Makhfi, Omar EL Bannay, "Machine Learning for Network Intrusion Detection Based on SVM Binary Classification Model", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 638–644, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050476
74. Vu Nguyen Hoa Hong, Luong Tuan Anh, "Development Trends of Smart Cities in the Future – Potential Security Risks and Responsive Solutions", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 548–556, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050465
75. Roberta Avanzato, Francesco Beritelli, "A CNN-based Differential Image Processing Approach for Rainfall Classification", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 438–444, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050452
76. Rizki Jaka Maulana, Gede Putra Kusuma, "Malware Classification Based on System Call Sequences Using Deep Learning", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 207–216, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050426
77. Maximo Giovani Tanzado Espinoza, Joseline Roxana Neira Melendrez, Luis Antonio Neira Clemente, "A Survey and an IoT Cybersecurity Recommendation for Public and Private Hospitals in Ecuador", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 518–528, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050364
78. Mainar Swari Mahardika, Achmad Nizar Hidayanto, Putu Agya Paramartha, Louis Dwysevrey Ompusunggu, Rahmatul Mahdalina, Farid Affan, "Measurement of Employee Awareness Levels for Information Security at the Center of Analysis and Information Services Judicial Commission Republic of Indonesia", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 501–509, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050362
79. Krina B. Gabani, Mayuri A. Mehta, Stephanie Noronha, "Racial Categorization Methods: A Survey", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 388–401, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050350
80. Suchitra Abel, Yenchih Tang, Jake Singh, Ethan Paek, "Applications of Causal Modeling in Cybersecurity: An Exploratory Approach", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 380–387, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050349
81. Nicola Fabiano, "Digital Sovereignty Between “Accountability” and the Value of Personal Data", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 270–274, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050335
82. A B Manju, Sumathy Subramanian, "Evolution of Privacy Preservation Models in Location-Based Services", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 82–92, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050311
83. Gillala Rekha, Shaveta Malik, Amit Kumar Tyagi, Meghna Manoj Nair, "Intrusion Detection in Cyber Security: Role of Machine Learning and Data Mining in Cyber Security", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 72–81, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050310
84. Segundo Moisés Toapanta Toapanta, Daniela Monserrate Moreira Gamboa, Luis Enrique Mafla Gallegos, "Analysis of the Blockchain for Adoption in Electronic Commerce Management in Ecuador", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 762–768, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050295
85. Jan Sikora, David Fojtík, "Classification of Timber Load on Trucks", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 683–687, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050284
86. Segundo Moisés Toapanta Toapanta, Andrés Aurelio García Henriquez, Luis Enrique Mafla Gallegos, "Analysis of Vulnerabilities, Risks and Threats in the Process of Quota Allocation for the State University of Ecuador", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 673–682, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050283
87. Lylia Alouache, Mohamed Maachaoui, Rachid Chelouah, "Securing Hybrid SDN-based Geographic Routing Protocol using a Distributed Trust Model", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 567–577, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050271
88. Bokyoon Na, Geoffrey C Fox, "Object Classifications by Image Super-Resolution Preprocessing for Convolutional Neural Networks", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 476–483, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050261
89. Yakob Utama Chandra, Bahtiar Saleh Abbas, Agung Trisetyarso, Wayan Suparta, Chul-Ho Kang, "Comparison Analysis between Mobile Banking and Mobile Payment as Determinant Factors of Customer Privacy", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 469–475, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050260
90. Bayan O Al-Amri, Mohammed A. AlZain, Jehad Al-Amri, Mohammed Baz, Mehedi Masud, "A Comprehensive Study of Privacy Preserving Techniques in Cloud Computing Environment", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 419–424, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050254
91. Lenin G. Falconi, Maria Perez, Wilbert G. Aguilar, Aura Conci, "Transfer Learning and Fine Tuning in Breast Mammogram Abnormalities Classification on CBIS-DDSM Database", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 154–165, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050220
92. Segundo Moisés Toapanta Toapanta, José David López Cobeña, Luis Enrique Mafla Gallegos, "Analysis of Cyberattacks in Public Organizations in Latin America", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 116–125, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050215
93. Karim El bouchti, Soumia Ziti, Fouzia Omary, Nassim Kharmoum, "New Solution Implementation to Protect Encryption Keys Inside the Database Management System", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 87–94, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050211
94. José Alomía-Lucero, Jorge Castro-Bedriñana, Doris Chirinos-Peinado, "Rooftop Urban Agriculture Model with Two Tomato Varieties (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill) and Toppings in the High Jungle – Peru", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 446–450, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050157
95. Amit Kumar Tyagi, A. Mohan Krishna, Shaveta Malik, Meghna Manoj Nair, Sreenath Niladhuri, "Trust and Reputation Mechanisms in Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks: A Systematic Review", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 387–402, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050150
96. Michael Wenceslaus Putong, Suharjito, "Classification Model of Contact Center Customers Emails Using Machine Learning", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 174–182, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050123
97. Amine Kardi, Rachid Zagrouba, "Attacks classification and security mechanisms in Wireless Sensor Networks", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 229–243, 2019. doi: 10.25046/aj040630
98. Evan Hurwitz, Chigozie Orji, "Multi Biometric Thermal Face Recognition Using FWT and LDA Feature Extraction Methods with RBM DBN and FFNN Classifier Algorithms", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 67–90, 2019. doi: 10.25046/aj040609
99. Allae Erraissi, Abdessamad Belangour, "A Big Data Security Layer Meta-Model Proposition", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 409–418, 2019. doi: 10.25046/aj040553
100. Segundo Moisés Toapanta Toapanta, Steven Xavier Romo Sañicela, Danny Wilfrido Barona Valencia, Luis Enrique Mafla Gallegos, "Analysis of Information Security for a Voting Process for Sectional Governments in Ecuador", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 352–359, 2019. doi: 10.25046/aj040546