1. Introduction

In recent decades, electric motors have increasingly become an element widely used in various applications. They are presented in a wide variety of use, going from the use generally in the industry to find them in homes, in addition to remote applications of research on land, in the air, in the water and, finally, in space, each with its own characteristics and specific protections. [1]

It is estimated that worldwide energy consumption in the industry due to the use of electric machines is in the range of 50 to 80% of the total. However, the operating conditions are increasingly demanding, therefore it is necessary to develop new proposals for operation, control and protection. [2] Electric motors are one of the main applications of Electric Power. Motors are the heart of machines and devices in general. [3]

Electric motors powered by direct current (DC: Continuous Current) have multiple applications and although they are already 125 years old, they have adapted very well to the demands of the market. [4] The electric motor operates through electromagnetic interactions, given its electromechanical characteristics. [5]

The DC motor in certain applications require a large turning force at the start of the motor; In that sense DC motors due to their high starting torque are more suitable; Since their torque is high, they break the inertia that the load to displace during start-up can exert. [6]

The universal single-phase motor, specifically, is a very useful rotary electric machine in the industry and in daily life, for applications where more torque is required per amp and a speed control by voltage as it occurs in machining machines, drills, among others. [7]

In their small power design they are widely used in household appliances, with more powerful powers are used in electric traction at a frequency ranging from 50Hz to 60Hz. [8]

When an electromechanical system requires high revolutions, power and, above all, a high starting torque, the universal motor is usually selected. [9]

There are criteria in the motors in direct current and others in alternating current, which handle in different aspects both in the design of the structure, the variations in operating speeds, maintenance periods, among others. [10]

The appeal of this type of electric motor lies in the type of power available, be it VAC (alternating current voltage) or VDC (direct current voltage); reason for what is generally referred to as “Universal Motor”. The constitution of this motor is of similar provisions that the DC series motor (direct current) with an armature (rotor or armature) and an inductor (stator), being able to control its speed using rheostats or any device that manages to control the voltage supplied as It comes in the DC motor. [10]

There are several analysis criteria involved in the operation of the universal motor that operate when operating this type of electric machine, this paper presents the experimental analysis of the internal behavior that this particular motor presents; by means of a raised electrical circuit that contains certain measurement and control devices, given a source of electrical network, part of the experimentation is carried out evaluating independent electrical parameters based on the modified supply voltage, considering the forms of motor operations in VDC and VAC. in a vacuum, identifying the expression of the function with respect to another study variable and the comparative analysis of efficiencies in both feeding systems.

2. Methodology

2.1. Data collection and analysis process

This research contains a series ofguidelines the same that is based on three concrete stages for the process of collecting and analyzing data.

These stages are: previous considerations, alternating current experimentation and direct current experimentation.

Figure 1: Stages of the data collection and analysis process.

The instrument used in the investigation was the technical data sheet, where the characteristics of the variables are detailed: voltage, current, power, torque, rpm, and power factor; of a rotary machine, called Universal Motor.

Table 1: Technical Characteristics of the Drill (Universal Engine in Analysis)

2.2. Stage of previous considerations

It was considered a conventional hammer drill to which a VARIAC variable potential difference of alternating current (VAC) was applied, which was referred to throughout our analysis as an independent variable.

During this stage, relationships were established between independent variables vs dependent variables for the recording of electrical values by evaluating the degree of dependency ratio during the full period until establishing nominal electrical parameters, recommended in the data sheet of such a drill.

Figure 2: VARIAC voltage regulator.

For the connection it is considered an alternate power supply provided to us by the local network 220 VAC 60  Hz, however, for experimentation it is  required to vary the voltage (r.m.s) gradually to extract samples from electrical parameters such as: voltage, intensity, power, power factor, rpm, between others; given this requirement, a VARIAC illustrated in Figure  2 was used, which is determined by a transformer.

At the output of this VARIAC is connected the load that would come to be the drill that in diagram is represented by: a resistance, an inductance and a rotor. Where the first two represent the stator fields representing and the last to the winding rotor. The instrumentation regarding data collection was considered a DT2235A digital tachometer, an oscilloscope, two measuring modules multifunctional, which allows permanent monitoring of parameters such as: voltage, intensity, power and factor.

Instrumentation respect to the connection of the measuring module are considered the typical connections of an Ammeter, Voltmeter, Wattmeter, Cosfimeter; where these readings are taken at the INPUT of the VARIAC and the second module is connected at the pre-load point.

2.3. Experiment stage in Alternate Current

 A typical electrical circuit was developed, outlined in Figure 3.

Figure 3: Universal motor diagram powered by AC.

Also, the connection of the oscilloscope is considered a typical connection where the channel is phased and the neutral is considered ground point of the instrument.

Exerting control on the universal motor of the drill by voltage variation; permanent control is obtained at all times of extraction of samples represented in Figure 4, it should be noted that the measured dependent parameters were: torque, power, rpm (revolutions per minute); correspondence tables are established after this to possess an order during the experimentation stage.

Figure 4: Electrical parameters per digital measurement module.

Regarding the values obtained from the rotational revolutions (rpm) of the drill, the digital tachometer was used to extract rotation data from the rotor, as depicted in the Figure 5.

         Figure 5: Parameter of the revolutions obtained by tachometer.

The behavior of the sine wave in Figure 6, which represents the voltage whenbeing altered by alternating current in the oscilloscope, was even contrasted.

Figure 6: Analysis of the motor with the application of an Alternate Voltage.

2.4. Experiment stage in Direct Current

A new source of variable potential difference was applied, but this time of continuous order (VDC) performing the same detailed analysis lines above.

Figure 7: Universal motor diagram powered by DC.

In the VDC diagram in Figure 7, it is considered the same connections detailed above with the proviso that at the output of the VARIAC is connected a solid state component called bridge diode  KBPC5010 rectifier and at the output of this polarities are set since you get a VDC voltage called pulsating continuous corrient, and the latter goes straight to load, that is the drill, however, between this section of bridge diode is connected the measuring instruments as detailed in the instrumentation point. [7]

With regard to the tachometer as detailed in instrumentation point, however, the oscilloscope, shown in Figure 8, is connected between channel to the positive rectifier diode and the negative to GND.

Figure 8: Engine analysis with the application of a pulsating Voltage.

3. Results

All electrical measurements, developed in both types of power supply, were established in the relevant modules and typical instruments; such results are exposed in tables using the Excel computing tool and the graph of the regression models obtained with the SPSS statistical software, for each parameter experienced electrical laboratory.

3.1. Electric parameters of the universal engine test

Before data representation, specific criteria presented by the firing hole are considered, as required in Table 1; the technical data of this percussion drill, presents a nominal torque of 2.3 N.m. and the useful power of 380 W. It should be noted that during the start-up of the universal engine in order to obtain its operating parameters, it was worked on the upper and lower margins of the torque and utility power; thus not to expose to possible damage to the drill in study.

In addition, the calculation of the torque of the “Tm” engine was performed, using the expression of mechanical power of the shaft, whose units expressed in the international system (N.m):

Where:

• : Engine output power.
• : Induced rotation speed.

The calculation of the power absorbed by the power grid in alternating current and direct current, if the case of pulsating VDC, its analysis is somewhat extended; therefore, it is considered quasi-alternative behavior.

3.2. Universal Motor in alternate current

The register was detailed by the independent variable of the voltage regulated by the VARIAC with values from 10V to the rated voltage of the motor, the voltage data shown is the modified in full engine start.

Table 2: Electrical parameters obtained by modified voltage in AC

3.3.  Universal motor in direct current

The value register was similarly detailed   by the voltage-independent variable regulated by the VARIAC applying the same voltage regulation criterion, the voltage data have also the modified voltage in engine operation.

Table 3: Electrical parameters obtained by modified voltage in DC

3.4. Regression trend lines using calculated electrical parameters

The values expressed in the Excel tables mentioned above allow you to perform adjustment charts of a regression type using the coefficient method of determination as a statistical instrument.

3.5. Regression Graphs in AC Behavior

Figure 9: Analysis of Torque (N.m) and Voltage (r.m.s).

Table 4: Analysis of Torque (N.m) and Voltage (r.m.s).

Figure 10: Analysis of Torque (N.m) and Power (W).

Table 5: Analysis of Torque (N.m) and Power (W).

Figure 11: Analysis of Torque (N.m) and Rotation Revolution (RPM).

Table 6: Analysis of Torque (N.m) and Rotation Revolution (RPM).

Figure 12: Analysis of Intensity (A) and Voltage (r.m.s).

Table 7: Analysis of Intensity (A) and Voltage (r.m.s).

Figure 13: Analysis of Rotation Revolution (RPM) and Voltage (r.m.s).

Table 8: Analysis of Rotation Revolution (RPM) and Voltage (r.m.s)

Figure 14: Analysis of Power (W) and Voltage (r.m.s).

Table 9: Analysis of Power (W) and Voltage (r.m.s)

Figure 15: Analysis of Power (W) and Intensity (A).

Table 10: Analysis of Power (W) and Intensity (A)

3.6. Regression Graphs in DC Behavior

Figure 16: Analysis of Torque (N.m) and Voltage (r.m.s).

Table 11: Analysis of Torque (N.m) and Voltage (r.m.s)

Figure 17: Analysis of Torque (N.m) and Power (W).

Table 12: Analysis of Torque (N.m) and Power (W).

Figure 18: Analysis of Torque (N.m) and Rotation Revolution (RPM).

Table 13: Analysis of Torque (N.m) and Rotation Revolution (RPM).

Figure 19: Analysis of Intensity (A) and Voltage (r.m.s).

Table 14: Analysis of Intensity (A) and Voltage (r.m.s).

Figure 20: Analysis of Rotation Revolution (RPM) and Voltage (r.m.s).

Table 15: Analysis of Rotation Revolution (RPM) and Voltage (r.m.s).

Figure 21: Analysis of Power (W) and Voltage (r.m.s).

Table 16: Analysis of Power (W) and Voltage (r.m.s).

Figure 22: Analysis of Power (W) and Intensity (A).

Table 17: Analysis of Power (W) and Intensity (A).

4. Analysis of results

The regression graphs for both Direct Current Voltage and Alternating Current Voltage behavior types presented above are analyzed.

Given the representations in AC behavior as shown in Figures 9, 10 and 11; as well as in DC behavior representations, in Figures 16, 17 and 18, one of its best virtues of this class of engines can be seen, which is a high starting torque, typical of this quality at the start moment requires greater resources and it is shown that during start-up this machine requires greater power and indirectly higher voltage or intensity; but since the first is an independent variable in addition to controlled, the second is the one that covers the requirement, until the inertia of the rotor expires, in the case of being empty and beating even the load that is subjected.

Given Figure 13 and Figure 20, the rpm is directly matched according to the electrical voltage. At the intrinsic increase of electrical voltage, the motor torque characteristics are dramatically increased and with this the intensity, until stabilized in time, expressed in Figure 12 and Figure 19.

The power is conditioned by very relevant electrical parameters in terms of electrical machines, such as voltage; this understanding is presented in Figure 14 and Figure 21.

Given the curve in Figure 10 and Figure 17, the inference can be performed on this type of rotating machines, the torque has a direct ratio of increment to the power. According to the curve of Figure 11 and Figure 18, it can be inferred that these engines can reach high speeds and with these also reach high torque values.

According to Figure 23 and Figure 24, F.P. column can be inferred that these class of motors have better optimization of electrical energy in terms of active and reactive power; that is, when you are having a power supply in VDC.

Figure 23: Analysis of F.P (cos φ) and Power (W).

Table 18: Analysis of F.P (cos φ) and Power (W).

Figure 24: Analysis of F.P (cos)and Power (W).

Table 19: Analysis of F.P (cos)and Power (W).

Remember that alinear load can be inductive, the closer its F.P. is closer to the unit, it has a more efficient power consumption.

In addition, through theoretical concepts we can establish that efficiency is expressed:

Given the data sheet shown in Table 1, the efficiency value is obtained by Equation 3, this nominal factor is obtained when the drill is subjected to load:

By the first interpretation, efficiency is obtained,  by applying a data relationship used by intuitive criterion, that result maintains a margin medium-reliability.

For analysis of the efficiency we resort to Table 2 and Table 3, where a section of items is used; segmenting the measurement in which the universal motor has the same RPM value, for the same voltage:

Table 20: Efficiency analysis in AC tests.

Table 21: Efficiency analysis in DC tests

It is then derived from Equation 3, the expression:

Given the case of 1630 RPM and 117 Volts, the calculation is proceeded.

Efficiency with VDC power:

Efficiency with VAC power:

By the second interpretation, you get the actual efficiency, which is obtained when the percussion drill is in operation, without considering applied load.

Table 22: Real efficiency in AC tests

According to the experimental analysis these machines operate more efficiently when a VDC source is available, usually represented in Figure 25, with a variation of 5.63% from the AC power system; consequently motors working with VDC increase the life cycle of dynamic parts such as bearings, gears, collectors and their brushes; remember that an electrical disturbance can encourage the formation of harmonics and these instead trigger in mechanical vibrations, generating as a result of efforts in dynamic and statisticparts.

According to the above mentioned in addition to this last analysis you can be certain that under similar conditions such as rpm, voltage, power, and so on. This machine increases its performance when energized by VDC.

Table 23: Real efficiency in DC tests

Figure 25: Representation of efficiencies in AC and DC tests.

5. Discussion

Given a sourceof energy to a reason of constant increase, it presents less electrical disturbance; however, if this increase doesn’t obey any constant reason, this machine has radical torque increments coupled with the disturbances generated and include less efficiency in yourlife. [8]

Reaffirming Rosenberg’s assertion, evidence throughout the experimentation a recesion in what corresponds to the natural sizzle generated by the engines that have collectors; since it is properto the rapid transition between delga and delga causes an electric arco small magnitude, however, this characteristic it is diminished how much it works with VDC which does not happen with VAC. This post-verification statement was made of the good condition of the brushes in addition to the correct adhesion between the dega and brush.

Remenber that the proportion of the electric arco generated in the collector may also be caused by poor adhesion between brush and delga or also because of the speed. [5]

Universal motors are deficient in temperature, it is a cough to increase this variable of the maticte very quickly, however, to relatively short periods of use.  Given the constitution of winding rotor with dolphins; In addition, the maintenance of these is very high. [5]

6. Conclusions

We will find that the good interpretation of the oscilloscope gives us greater reliability; in addition to the possibility of showing the complete shape of the wave, leading to the best analysis, as well as better accuracy in what the analysis is, in this instrument we can calculate the maximum effective voltage, frequency and period; in addition to so-called valley ridges and so on. Through this view of the function generator, we show the representative model of the VDC and VAC Power Supply; and the first called pulsating voltage and the second alternating voltage.

 According to the figure of the oscilloscope is shown the representation of different wave qualities one complete sinusoidal and the other only half cycle, however, using measuring instruments it is shown that in both cases we observe the similar measurements of tension this in a similar revolution (rpm), this being that at all times a positive semicycle is always preserved throughout the period in VDC and a positive semicycle or a negative one in the case of VAC, however, they will always possess in both cases at similar effective tension.

The efficiency of this class of motors is directly related to the type of power supply by which it is used, in addition when we consider the reduction of network disturbances, the high starting torque, high rpm, longer service life given to a decrease in electrical distortions caused by its own induced winding rotor constitution; are all virtues of this type of motor during VDC operation.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgment

The authors wish to recognize and thank the National Technological University of Lima South Lima for their support of this investigation.

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36. Claudio Gutierrez-Soto, Marco Palomino, Arturo Curiel, Hector Riquelme Cerda, Fernando Bejar Rain, "Evaluating the Effectiveness of Query-Document Clustering Using the QDSM Measure", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 883–893, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj0506105
37. Ismail Ktata, Naoufel Kharroubi, "A Model-Driven Approach for Reconfigurable Systems Development", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 801–810, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050695
38. Radouane Ourhdir, Mohammed Rachidi, "An Adaptive Nonlinear Sensorless Controller of Doubly Fed Induction Generator Driven By Wind Turbine", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 489–496, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050658
39. Mikhail Vladimirovich Vartanov, Trung Ta Tran, Van Dung Nguyen, "Research of the Effect of Rotation and Low-Frequency Vibration on the Robotic Assembly Process", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 160–168, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050619
40. Kamal Jaiswal, Serdar Dalkilic, Evangelos Papageorgiou, Balgopal Singh, "Aviation MRO: Impact of Physical Environment Factors on Job Performance in Aircraft Maintenance Organization", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 148–154, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050617
41. Marika Fanesi, David Scaradozzi, "Advanced Control Strategies on Nonlinear Testbench Dynamometer System for Simulating the Fuel Consumption", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 1172–1183, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj0505142
42. Faizan Dastgeer, Hasan Erteza Gelani, "Renewable Electric Power from the Equine Treadmill: An Evaluation of the Potential", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 997–1006, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj0505122
43. Segundo Moisés Toapanta Toapanta, Emmanuel Alejandro Narváez Picon, Luis Enrique Mafla Gallegos, "Prototype for the Management of Engineering Companies and the ICT to Improve the Quality of Services", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 698–708, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050586
44. Ugwu Benedict Nnamdi, Chime Thompson Onyejiuwa, Chime Rufus Ogbuke, "Review of Orange Juice Extractor Machines", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 485–492, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050560
45. Wongpanya Nuankaew, Kanakarn Phanniphong, Sittichai Bussaman, Direk Teeraputon, Pratya Nuankaew, "Mentoring Model in an Active Learning Culture for Undergraduate Projects", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 805–815, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050495
46. Sultana Parween, Syed Zeeshan Hussain, "A Review on Cross-Layer Design Approach in WSN by Different Techniques", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 741–754, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050488
47. Yogi Udjaja, "Entertainment Technology: Dynamic Game Production", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 203–206, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050425
48. Bulat Kubekov, Anar Utegenova, Leonid Bobrov, Vitaliy Naumenko, Aibek Ibraimkulov, "Ontologic Design of Software Engineering Knowledge Area Knowledge Components", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 30–34, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050404
49. Nahid Akhter Jahan, M. Mofazzal Hossain, "Efficiency Enhancement of p-i-n Solar Cell Embedding Quantum Wires in the Intrinsic Layer", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 540–546, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050367
50. Ricardo Simões Santos, António João Pina da Costa Feliciano Abreu, Joaquim José Rodrigues Monteiro, "Using Metaheuristics-Based Methods to Provide Sustainable Market Solutions, Suitable to Consumer Needs", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 399–410, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050252
51. Hind El Hassani, Nour- Eddine Boutammachte, Sanae El Hassani, "Optimization of Low Temperature Differential Stirling Engine Regenerator Design", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 272–279, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050235
52. Dora Yvonne Arce Santillan, Omar Freddy Chamorro Atalaya, Yesica Pamela Leandro Chacón, Jorge Isaac Castro Bedriñana, Elizabeth Rosario Martínez Santillán, "The Proportionality of Women Graduated from the Professional Career of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering at UNTELS: Analysis of their Academic Performance and Labor Field of Action", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 368–372, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050147
53. Carlotta Patrone, Maryna Mezzano Kozlova, Monica Brenta, Francesca Filauro, Donatella Campanella, Antonietta Ribatti, Elisabetta Scuderi, Tiziana Marini, Gabriele Galli, Roberto Revetria, "Hospital Warehouse Management during the construction of a new building through Lean Techniques", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 256–262, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050132
54. Bzar Khidir Hussan, "Comparative Study of Semantic and Keyword Based Search Engines", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 106–111, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050114
55. Omar Freddy Chamorro Atalaya, Dora Yvonne Arce Santillan, Jorge Isaac Castro Bedriñana, Yesica Pamela Leandro Chacón, Martin Díaz Choque, "The Correlation of the Specific and Global Performance of Teachers in UNTELS Engineering Schools", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 196–202, 2019. doi: 10.25046/aj040625
56. Allae Erraissi, Abdessamad Belangour, "A Big Data Security Layer Meta-Model Proposition", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 409–418, 2019. doi: 10.25046/aj040553
57. Sushri Mukherjee, Sumana Chattaraj, Md. Irfan Khan, Dharmbir Prasad, Pradip Barua, Harish Agarwal, "Transmission Line Restoration Using ERS Structure", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 394–400, 2019. doi: 10.25046/aj040551
58. Manel Jomaa UR-LAPER, Mohamed Yassine Allani UR-LAPER, Abdelkader Mami UR-LAPER, "Modelling and Control of The PV Power System Dedicated to The Greenhouse for Reduced Energy Consumption", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 384–393, 2019. doi: 10.25046/aj040550
59. Wilson Babu Musinguzi, Ibrahim Luqman Mpungu, "The Impact of Using Upgraded Biogas on Generator Performance", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 186–192, 2019. doi: 10.25046/aj040524
60. Héctor L. Núñez-Ramírez, Gloria G. Carvalho-Kassar, Freddy C. Brito-Maestre, Yaremi I. Gamboa-Maldonado, Luis A. Santos-Avendaño, Carlelines Gavidia-Toro, Orlando Villarroel-Ramos, Dino Di Rosa-Ulloa, "Low-Cost and Accurate Computational System for Efficiency Measures over Photovoltaic Arrays", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 39–45, 2019. doi: 10.25046/aj040505
61. Thaise Poerschke Damo, Leandro Buss Becker, Fabio Paulo Basso, "Model-Driven Engineering Infrastructure and Tool Support for Petrochemical Industry Automation", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 174–187, 2019. doi: 10.25046/aj040422
62. Bayan Sapargaliyeva, Aigul Naukenova, Bakhyt Alipova, Javier Rodrigo Ilarri, "Flame Distribution and Attenuation in Narrow Channels Using Mathematical Software", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 53–57, 2019. doi: 10.25046/aj040308
63. Robert M. Beswick, "Computer Security as an Engineering Practice: A System Engineering Discussion", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 357–369, 2019. doi: 10.25046/aj040245
64. Anas Abouzahra, Ayoub Sabraoui, Karim Afdel, "A Practical Approach for Extending DSMLs by Composing their Metamodels", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 358–371, 2018. doi: 10.25046/aj030644
65. Saori Nakagawa, Takeshi Yamasaki, Hiroyuki Takano, Isao Yamaguchi, "Guidance Law Based on Line-of-Sight Rate Information Considering Uncertain Modeled Dynamics", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 195–203, 2018. doi: 10.25046/aj030626
66. Zhala Sarkawt Othman, "Analysis Refactoring with Tools", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 140–143, 2018. doi: 10.25046/aj030617
67. Sorina Constantinescu, "Non-bearing Masonry Walls Behavior and Influence to High Reinforced Concrete Buildings", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 111–117, 2018. doi: 10.25046/aj030612
68. Abdallah Aijjou, Lhoussain Bahatti, Abdelhadi Raihani, "Enhanced Ship Energy Efficiency by Using Marine Box Coolers", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 83–88, 2018. doi: 10.25046/aj030608
69. Rabiaa Mars, Badii Bouzidi, Bassem El Badsi, Abderrazak Yangui, "Improved DTC Control Strategy of B12 Inverter Fed BLDC Motor Drives Considering Commutation Torque Dips", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 427–438, 2018. doi: 10.25046/aj030549
70. Faizan Dastgeer, Hassan Erteza Gelani, Faisal Ali, Zahir Javed Paracha, "Enhancing the Energy/Power Efficiency of a DC Distribution Grid for Residential Buildings via Modular Architecture of DC/DC Solid State Transformers", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 288–297, 2018. doi: 10.25046/aj030534
71. Shouq. Al Awadhi, Noor. Al Habib, Dalal Al-Murad, Fajer Al deei, Mariam Al Houti, Taha Beyrouthy, Samer Al-Kork, "Interactive Virtual Reality Educational Application", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 72–82, 2018. doi: 10.25046/aj030409
72. Javier Martínez-Román, Luis Serrano-Iribarnegaray, Juan Carlos del Pino-López, Pedro Cruz-Romero, "Direct Torque Control of Multiphase Doubly Converter-fed Asynchronous Machines Incorporating the Harmonic Torques", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 33–44, 2018. doi: 10.25046/aj030405
73. Sabrine Jebri, Khaled Nouri, "A New Study Performance Control of PMSMs: Validity Abacus Approach", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 142–146, 2018. doi: 10.25046/aj030319
74. Khaled Slhoub, Marco Carvalho, "Towards Process Standardization for Requirements Analysis of Agent-Based Systems", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 80–91, 2018. doi: 10.25046/aj030311
75. Sofiya Ali Mekonnen, Sibel Yenikaya, Gökhan Yenikaya, Güneş Yilmaz, "Effects of Dielectric Properties of the Material located inside Multimode Applicator on Microwave Efficiency", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 61–66, 2018. doi: 10.25046/aj030309
76. Thabat Thabet, John Woods, "Using Input Impedance to Calculate the Efficiency Numerically of Series-Parallel Magnetic Resonant Wireless Power Transfer Systems", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 38–42, 2018. doi: 10.25046/aj030305
77. Moises Levy, Daniel Raviv, "An Overview of Data Center Metrics and a Novel Approach for a New Family of Metrics", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 238–251, 2018. doi: 10.25046/aj030228
78. Tiago Antunes, Tiago Alexandre dos Reis Antunes, Paulo Jorge da Costa Santos, Armando José Pinheiro Marques Pires, "Limitations of HVAC Offshore Cables in Large Scale Offshore Wind Farm Applications", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 146–156, 2018. doi: 10.25046/aj030217
79. Silvia Maria Zanoli, Francesco Cocchioni, Crescenzo Pepe, "MPC-based energy efficiency improvement in a pusher type billets reheating furnace", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 74–84, 2018. doi: 10.25046/aj030209
80. Zheng Li, Maria Kihl, Yiqun Chen, He Zhang, "Two-Stage Performance Engineering of Container-based Virtualization", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 521–536, 2018. doi: 10.25046/aj030163
81. Wei-Hsin Huang, Huei-Ming Chiao, Wei-Hsin Huang, "Innovative Research on the Development of Game-based Tourism Information Services Using Component-based Software Engineering", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 451–459, 2018. doi: 10.25046/aj030155
82. Nahid A. Jahan, Md. Minhaz Ul Karim, M. Mofazzal Hossain, "A High Efficiency Ultra Thin (1.8 um) CdS/CdTe p-i-n Solar Cell with CdTe and Si as BSF layer", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 213–217, 2018. doi: 10.25046/aj030125
83. Peter Dineff, Dilyana Gospodinova, Ivaylo Ivanov, "Efficiency Assessment of Plasma-Aided Porous Media Surface Finishing", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 2, no. 6, pp. 242–251, 2017. doi: 10.25046/aj020629
84. Theint Zar Htet, Zhengming Zhao, Qing Gu, Jing Li, "Modelling and Analysis of Radial Flux Surface Mounted Direct-Driven PMSG in Small Scale Wind Turbine", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 2, no. 6, pp. 94–99, 2017. doi: 10.25046/aj020612
85. Michael Pelosi, Michael Brown, Kinza Ahmad, "Improved Hybrid Opponent System for Professional Military Training", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 1804–1814, 2017. doi: 10.25046/aj0203220
86. Tanveer Ahmed, Muhammad Kaleem, Khurram Saleem Alimgeer, Mustafa Shakir, Sajid Nazir, "Optimization of Depth-Based Routing for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks through Intelligent Assignment of Initial Energy", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 1799–1803, 2017. doi: 10.25046/aj0203219
87. Eva Selene Hernández Gress, Antonio Oswaldo Ortega Reyes, Jaime Garnica González, José Ramón Corona Armenta, "Proposal of an Embedded Methodology that uses Organizational Diagnosis and Reengineering: Case of bamboo panel company", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 1626–1633, 2017. doi: 10.25046/aj0203202
88. Moises Levy, Jason O. Hallstrom, "A Reliable, Non-Invasive Approach to Data Center Monitoring and Management", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 1577–1584, 2017. doi: 10.25046/aj0203196
89. Wongpanya Nuankaew, Pratya Nuankaew, Kanakarn Phanniphong, "Lifelong Learning Application: Mobile Application to Promote Lifelong Learning and Introduce Educational Institutions", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 1556–1564, 2017. doi: 10.25046/aj0203194
90. Maryam Al-Barwani, Eran A. Edirisinghe, "A Machine Learning based Framework for Parameter based Multi-Objective Optimisation of Video CODECs", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 1515–1526, 2017. doi: 10.25046/aj0203190
91. Nukhet Sazak, Ali Soner Kilinc, "Analytical and Algorithmic Approaches to Determine the Number of Sensor Nodes for Minimum Power Consumption in LWSNs", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 1487–1490, 2017. doi: 10.25046/aj0203186
92. Shaddrack Yaw Nusenu, "Spatial Modulation Technique For Filtered-OFDM Based Wireless Transmission", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 981–986, 2017. doi: 10.25046/aj0203124
93. Mahmoud A. Rabah, S.M. Abdelbasir, "Preparation of Ni-C Ultrafine Composite from Waste Material", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 695–701, 2017. doi: 10.25046/aj020389
94. Nesat Efendioglu, Robert Woitsch, Wilfrid Utz, Damiano Falcioni, "ADOxx Modelling Method Conceptualization Environment", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 125–136, 2017. doi: 10.25046/aj020317
95. Indranil Nath, "A Derived Metrics as a Measurement to Support Efficient Requirements Analysis and Release Management", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 36–40, 2017. doi: 10.25046/aj020306
96. Ravikumar Setty A., Kishore Chatterjee, "Detailed Analysis of Torque Ripple in High Frequency Signal Injection based Sensor less PMSM Drives", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 206–213, 2017. doi: 10.25046/aj020125
97. Jesús Morán, Bibiano Rivas, Claudio de la Riva, Javier Tuya, Ismael Caballero, Manuel Serrano, "Configuration/Infrastructure-aware testing of MapReduce programs", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 90–96, 2017. doi: 10.25046/aj020111