1. Introduction

Image enhancement is an important and typical topic of computer vision. Although the performance of digital systems has improved greatly, the low quality of some images due to external factors such as environment and backlight, which may degrade the performance of image processing systems such as intelligent traffic systems, visual surveillance, and consumer electronics [1]. Especially, low contrast images reduce visibility. Therefore, many smart devices help users take pictures and improve their results with internal image processing methods, but require some input, such as a low contrast area input by the device user, or an average brightness and hue. In specific condition, it is a good solution for the device user who does not consider about the visibility of the image such as counter light images on purpose. However, only chooses the color tone and increases overall brightness is not fit for image enhancement in view of the simple device users.

While maintaining the image quality, to improve the low contrast region of input image is not easy. To solve the problem in this conditional situation, a plenty of methods have been proposed based on mathematical knowledge and traditional image processing method but the methods only perform well in fixed circumstance or make side effect such as over-enhancement or halo effect. To reduce the undesired effect, some enhancement methods use optimization techniques with image decomposition mechanism. However, the computation time is increased and the  methods may produce unintended adverse effects depending on the objective function with decomposed factors. Because of these disadvantage, the methods are not proper to simple device users.

In the past, artificial neural network methods have been one of the most difficult methods to obtain successful results due to small amounts of computation resource and data. However, artificial neural networks are widely used in many fields due to the development of devices and explosively increased amount of data. In addition, as many learning methods are studied, many effective approaches based on input data conditions have been proposed. Recently, the deep learning based methods show the best performance in computer vision sections. The methods are widely being employed on many computer vision tasks that are not easily solved with traditional methods such as image classification, image segmentation, etc. The deep learning based methods with well-labeled training data automatically abstract features of the image differently from the traditional methods and reconstruct the final result with the extracted features. However, the performance of the methods is built on well-labelled data. To overcome the conditional limits, several training techniques are proposed such as semi-supervised learning and weakly-supervised learning. From the perspective of performance, using these skills are able to lead to better results and it can be used widely in general purpose. The performance of the deep learning models trained using non-labelled or rough labelled data shows the power of representation ability.

Focus on the advantage of deep learning, we propose a locally adaptive contrast enhancement method. The method follows previous image enhancement mechanism basically, detecting low contrast region and apply enhancement algorithm. Each person evaluations for the low contrast region are different. Therefore, we use deep learning mechanism to employ the advantage which extracting feature factor from dataset automatically. Even though our method is based on training with confusing data, the power of representation ability of deep learning shows well results on contrast enhancement purpose. Also, we use a simple reflection model to reduce computational burden.

The remainder of this paper is structured as follows: Section 2 provides background information on image enhancement and briefly introduces previous methods. Section 3 gives a detail of proposed method and shows the detail of our network. While Section 4 provides the experiment results of image contrast enhancement with the proposed method and the previous methods. Finally, Section 5 concludes this paper.

2. Related works

For image enhancement, a lot of image processing methods were proposed previously. Histogram based methods are the most popular due to its simplicity and effectiveness. Basically, histogram equalization (HE) is a well-known traditional contrast enhancement method. The main idea of HE contains automatic calculation of the uniform histogram distribution in dynamic range. But HE method does not preserve to mean intensity of input images. The mean intensity of an input image and result of HE are different and it cause undesired effect such an over-enhancement. To solve the issue, brightness preserving bi-histogram equalization (BBHE) [2] was proposed. It divides histogram of an input image into sub histograms and enhances contrast separately. Adaptive histogram equalization (AHE) is used for enhancing contrast in images. It differs from HE by adaptive method that computes several histograms and each histogram corresponding to a distinct section of an image. AHE divide an input image into small sub images and apply HE to each sub image. But because of the size of the sub image, it is too sensitive to noise. Contrast-limited adaptive histogram equalization (CLAHE) [3] is improved version of AHE. The processes of CLAHE is basically similar to AHE. CLAHE controls the sensitive noise with contrast limited distribution parameters. The neighboring tiles, sub image, are combined by bilinear interpolation. Especially in homogeneous areas, the contrast can be limited to avoid noises by distribution parameter.

Retinex-based methods assume that recognizes the relative brightness of the scene, rather than recognizing the brightness of the scene at a certain position when the human visual system recognizes the scene. Retinex based methods have been proposed widely and single-scale retinex (SSR) [4], multi-scale retinex (MSR) [5] and multi-scale retinex with color restoration (MSRCR) [6] are most well-known algorithms. SSR is a method of using the difference between the center pixel value and the convolution result around the center pixel on the log scale. Several convolution masks were proposed [7, 8] but to select the variance of convolution mask effects largely and inadequate variance value can be lead to deterioration of image quality. The MSR is proposed as a method to mitigate this problem of SSR and the retinex result is calculated as the weighted average value of SSR with multiple variance values. The MSRCR proposed that color restoration function (CRF) added to MSR result to solve a problem that come out the gray scale result if specific color is dominant in the input image.

Figure 1. Overall flow of the proposed method.

In recent years, some methods are proposed to enhance low contrast images with adjustment to decomposed illumination image which obtained from various feature models. Different feature models lead to different illumination images and affect the enhanced images. R. Chouhan [9] proposed image enhancement method based on image decomposition technique which follow the discrete wavelet transform (DWT). X. Fu [10] proposed a probabilistic method based on image decomposition. The method decomposed input image into illumination and reflection model then applied the maximum a posteriori (MAP) for estimating enhanced illumination and reflection effectively. Y. ZhenQuiang [11] proposed low-light image enhancement using the camera response model. The camera response model consist of two sub models, camera response function (CRF) and brightness transform function (BTF). Based on these models and estimated exposure ratio map, they enhance image each pixel of the low light image.

The convolutional neural network (CNN) [12] proposed by Y. Lecun has been used widely in computer vision. CNN is being employed on many hard tasks and it showed the best results in many competition in the area. Basically, neural network was proposed for estimating test samples based on training data with hidden layers but calculation with just hidden layer is not suitable for some tasks which related to 2D and 3D data such as images and videos. To preserve locality and flexibility, the Y. Lecun proposed

Figure 2. Structure of the convolutional neural network to detect low contrast regions.

Figure 3. Example of training data.(a) Original image. (b) Labelled image.

basic mechanism of CNN with simple convolutional operation.

 One of the most improved tasks based on deep learning in computer vision task is semantic segmentation. Traditional segmentation algorithm was based on mathematical knowledge such as specific feature extraction or the relationship of each pixel. Because of the these factors it required in deep research each object which to be segmented. The features that can segment each of object in image are used in restrictive environment. But the methods based on deep learning, It works well without the need to handcraft features of the image based on network characteristics and training data. The most well-known model in semantic segmentation based on deep learning is fully convolutional networks (FCN) proposed by E. Shelhamer [13]. This method shows a basic segmentation network architecture with convolution, pooling and deconvolution. In an input image, important feature information is extracted and compressed by the trained mask through convolution layer and the pooling layer. The compressed information is upsampled in final step with deconvolution layer for matching the size of the input image and the result image. This network not only contains a basic idea for segmentation but also skip-connection mechanism through experimental results. H. Noh [14] proposed a segmentation method with deconvolution technique. The basic model is encoder-decoder network and each lost spatial data by pooling is compensated by deconvolution and unpooling layer.

3. Proposed method

The proposed method consists of four steps in total. The first step is low contrast estimation step that generate low contrast probability map. The second step is a create contrast gray scale step. The third step is a refining probability map step with obtained probability map and converted gray scale image. The final step is an enhancement step that enhance low contrast image with refined probability map and converted gray scale. Figure 1 shows the flow chart of the proposed method.

Figure 4. Comparison of gray scale images.(a) Input image. (b) Standard gray image.(c) Contrast chromatic weight. (d) Contrast gray image.

3.1.  Low contrast region probability map

The key idea of the proposed method is to generate probability map of low contrast region. For generation of the probability map quickly and working on small devices such as mobile and tablet PC without computation burden, we construct the network as small as possible. The Figure 2 shows structure of the proposed method. As shown Figure 2 the network consist of 8 convolution blocks. Inspired by semantic segmentation networks, we design the structure similar to these networks, encoder-decoder networks.

Figure 5. Comparison of refined probability maps.(a) Input image. (b) Probability map.(c) Refined the (b) with standard gray image.(d) Refined the (b) with contrast gray image.(e) Part of (c). (f) Part of (d).

From first convolution block to transpose layer, it is called feature extraction step which abstracts low contrast region’s feature. All the remaining layers belong to image reconstruction step which rebuild probability map of low contrast regions. To compensate for the lost spatial information by using pooling layer, we use skip connection mechanism and transpose layers. The skip connection was proposed to improve performance of semantic segmentation network that it added the extracted spatial information from the extraction step to the reconstruction step.

We have train the network to generate probability map of low contrast region with low contrast image dataset which collected from on the internet and we used published dataset [15]. We have made ground truth manually and each label consisted of 3 label colors(red, yellow, none). The colors is converted to 1, 0.5 and 0

Figure 6. Result of enhancement step.(a) Input image. (b) Final result of enhancement step.

for training step. To get enough training data, we have applied data augmentation including rotation (-10, 0, and +10 degree) and mirroring (vertical, horizontal, and diagonal). As result, the size of training data is 6924. Figure 3 shows example of training data.

3.2.  Contrast gray image

 In the previous works, [1, 16] used Chromatic contrast weights [17] and standard gray scale image for refining the probability map. But only use standard gray scale was not proper because of the image contrast. The standard gray scale image is built with

constant ratio of each channel therefore the image was not be able to contain the contrast of each object’s shape. To solve the issue, using the chromatic contrast weight was proposed with handled constant values such as angle of HSV offset and color opponent. The chromatic contrast weight was calculated based on these values, they showed similar values even difference color. To convert an input color image to the gray image appropriately, we use saliency-guided decolorization method [18]. The method based on sparse model and it is able to express contrast with gray value properly. Figure 4 shows gray convert result of standard, chromatic weight and saliency-guided decolorization method.

3.3.  Refining outline of probability map

In this step, we refine the probability map with guided filter [19] and converted contrast gray image. The guided filter performs as edge-preserving smooth filter which is well known filter in the computer vision area. The guided filter needs the guided image and filtering image, we chose the probability map as a filtering image and the contrast gray image as guided image. It has performed that the boundary region of the probability map refined similar to contrast gray image. Refined the boundary region and shape prevent halo effect and undesired over-enhancement. Figure 5 shows the result of this step. In (e) and (f) of Figure 5, the refined probability map based on standard gray image shows lost detail shape but (f) shows the detail of tomoe pattern.

3.4.  Enhancement

The final step is enhancement step. In this step we follow the reflection model :

Figure 7. Comparison of the probability maps.(a) Input image. (b) Probability map of proposed method.(c) Without skip connection. (d) No pooling.

where I(x) is an observed image, J(x) is a desired(enhanced) image, L(x) is illuminance map which is a degraded operator, and w is additive noise. We assume that the image has no noise. So, we can get the enhanced image following (2)

where F is the guided filter and  is small value which is used to avoid dividing by zero. For implementation of (2), we used (2) as

where  is each color channel of the input image, and the refined map is the result computed in the previous step. Figure 6 shows result of the enhancement step.

4. Experiment and results

In the following section we evaluate performance of the proposed method. In Section 4.1, we compare the network performance of the proposed method by comparing two different networks. The performance of the proposed method is then evaluated by comparing the results of the proposed method and the previous methods. The experiments were performed on a PC with a 3.20 GHz Intel Pentium Quad Core Processor and GTX 1080ti graphics card.

4.1.  Network structure experimentation

For the comparison of effect of the networks, we made two kind of networks. First network was built without skip-connection and the second network was constructed without pooling layers. Each networks were trained same setting as proposed method such as hyper parameters, size of kernel, and number of channels. The Figure 7 shows the generated probability map of each network. The probability maps in Figure 7, the proposed method can get better shape than the others because of reconstruction power in decoder section. Also, the results of no-skip network and no-pooling networks can be seen quite similar. However, from a detailed point of view, the result of no pooling network shows better shape than no-skip network because of the lost the spatial information by pooling layers. In the previous work [13], they proved the power of skip connection and pooling layer but they used precise labeled data for solving each task. Basically, the neural network is used for estimation of some test data based on training data. Even though the training data we used were not precise, we reconfirmed that the network architecture and the inner method could drive quite successful result.

4.2.  Comparison with other methods

In order to evaluate the performance of the proposed method, we compared the performance of the proposed method and the previous methods, CLAHE [3], MSRCR [6], Fu’s method [10], and Ying’s method [11]. Figure 8 shows the results of each

methods. The first row of Figure 8, the test image was taken from outside which contains the light source and low contrast region such as the counter light region. In the result of CLAHE, the contrast was all most same as input image. Because of the input image contains light source and contrast region together, the size of sub image is sensitive and the distribution of the sub image is controlled by the distribution parameter. The result by MSRCR

Figure 8. Results of proposed method and previous methods.

Figure 9. Zoom in the result of Fu’s method, Ying’s method and proposed method.(a) Proposed method. (b) Fu’s method. (c) Ying’s method.

that not only the contrast is better than CLAHE but also the shape of the statue is seen clearly. But overall brightness is increased too much and the color of the sky looks the same color. The results of Fu’s method and Ying’s method are improved properly in perspective of contrast and shape. But the overall brightness results are inadequate. In the second row of Figure 8, the results of overall brightness are quite dark. Therefore, the results cannot show the detail of the sky view. For more accurate qualitative comparison, Figure 9 shows zoomed in the results of Fu’s method, Ying’s method, and proposed method. As you can see images in Figure 9, the shade of the man’s face is enhanced properly and we can distinguish the boundary between the nose and the cheek.

5. Conclusion

In this paper, we proposed the image enhancement algorithm with simple reflection model and CNN. In order to enhance low contrast image, plenty of methods have been proposed and result of these methods show good quality from perspective of researcher. But previous methods showed undesired effects such as over- enhancement or unnatural results in unfit circumstance such as illumination setting and image sizes. To solve these problems, CNN was employed to detect low contrast regions in order to preserve the shape of low contrast region and prevent over-enhancement. For the purpose of expression the shape of input images, we employed the saliency-guided decolorization method and the guided filter. We showed our network was suitable for image enhancement through experimental network changes and results, and proved that the results of the proposed method were superior to those of the previous methods through comparison of results with the methods. As a result, the proposed method showed successful enhancement without side effects.

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33. Osaretin Eboya, Julia Binti Juremi, "iDRP Framework: An Intelligent Malware Exploration Framework for Big Data and Internet of Things (IoT) Ecosystem", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 185–202, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060521
34. Arwa Alghamdi, Graham Healy, Hoda Abdelhafez, "Machine Learning Algorithms for Real Time Blind Audio Source Separation with Natural Language Detection", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 125–140, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060515
35. Baida Ouafae, Louzar Oumaima, Ramdi Mariam, Lyhyaoui Abdelouahid, "Survey on Novelty Detection using Machine Learning Techniques", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 73–82, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060510
36. Radwan Qasrawi, Stephanny VicunaPolo, Diala Abu Al-Halawa, Sameh Hallaq, Ziad Abdeen, "Predicting School Children Academic Performance Using Machine Learning Techniques", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 08–15, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060502
37. Zhiyuan Chen, Howe Seng Goh, Kai Ling Sin, Kelly Lim, Nicole Ka Hei Chung, Xin Yu Liew, "Automated Agriculture Commodity Price Prediction System with Machine Learning Techniques", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 376–384, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060442
38. Hathairat Ketmaneechairat, Maleerat Maliyaem, Chalermpong Intarat, "Kamphaeng Saen Beef Cattle Identification Approach using Muzzle Print Image", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 110–122, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060413
39. Md Mahmudul Hasan, Nafiul Hasan, Dil Afroz, Ferdaus Anam Jibon, Md. Arman Hossen, Md. Shahrier Parvage, Jakaria Sulaiman Aongkon, "Electroencephalogram Based Medical Biometrics using Machine Learning: Assessment of Different Color Stimuli", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 27–34, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060304
40. Bakhtyar Ahmed Mohammed, Muzhir Shaban Al-Ani, "Follow-up and Diagnose COVID-19 Using Deep Learning Technique", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 971–976, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj0602111
41. Showkat Ahmad Dar, S Palanivel, "Performance Evaluation of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) And VGG on Real Time Face Recognition System", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 956–964, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj0602109
42. Dominik Štursa, Daniel Honc, Petr Doležel, "Efficient 2D Detection and Positioning of Complex Objects for Robotic Manipulation Using Fully Convolutional Neural Network", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 915–920, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj0602104
43. Kenza Aitelkadi, Hicham Outmghoust, Salahddine laarab, Kaltoum Moumayiz, Imane Sebari, "Detection and Counting of Fruit Trees from RGB UAV Images by Convolutional Neural Networks Approach", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 887–893, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj0602101
44. Binghan Li, Yindong Hua, Mi Lu, "Advanced Multiple Linear Regression Based Dark Channel Prior Applied on Dehazing Image and Generating Synthetic Haze", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 790–800, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060291
45. Md Mahmudul Hasan, Nafiul Hasan, Mohammed Saud A Alsubaie, "Development of an EEG Controlled Wheelchair Using Color Stimuli: A Machine Learning Based Approach", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 754–762, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060287
46. Abraham Adiputra Wijaya, Inten Yasmina, Amalia Zahra, "Indonesian Music Emotion Recognition Based on Audio with Deep Learning Approach", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 716–721, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060283
47. Antoni Wibowo, Inten Yasmina, Antoni Wibowo, "Food Price Prediction Using Time Series Linear Ridge Regression with The Best Damping Factor", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 694–698, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060280
48. Javier E. Sánchez-Galán, Fatima Rangel Barranco, Jorge Serrano Reyes, Evelyn I. Quirós-McIntire, José Ulises Jiménez, José R. Fábrega, "Using Supervised Classification Methods for the Analysis of Multi-spectral Signatures of Rice Varieties in Panama", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 552–558, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060262
49. Phillip Blunt, Bertram Haskins, "A Model for the Application of Automatic Speech Recognition for Generating Lesson Summaries", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 526–540, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060260
50. Shahnaj Parvin, Liton Jude Rozario, Md. Ezharul Islam, "Vehicle Number Plate Detection and Recognition Techniques: A Review", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 423–438, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060249
51. Sebastianus Bara Primananda, Sani Muhamad Isa, "Forecasting Gold Price in Rupiah using Multivariate Analysis with LSTM and GRU Neural Networks", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 245–253, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060227
52. Byeongwoo Kim, Jongkyu Lee, "Fault Diagnosis and Noise Robustness Comparison of Rotating Machinery using CWT and CNN", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 1279–1285, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj0601146
53. Alisson Steffens Henrique, Anita Maria da Rocha Fernandes, Rodrigo Lyra, Valderi Reis Quietinho Leithardt, Sérgio D. Correia, Paul Crocker, Rudimar Luis Scaranto Dazzi, "Classifying Garments from Fashion-MNIST Dataset Through CNNs", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 989–994, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj0601109
54. Md Mahmudul Hasan, Nafiul Hasan, Mohammed Saud A Alsubaie, Md Mostafizur Rahman Komol, "Diagnosis of Tobacco Addiction using Medical Signal: An EEG-based Time-Frequency Domain Analysis Using Machine Learning", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 842–849, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060193
55. Reem Bayari, Ameur Bensefia, "Text Mining Techniques for Cyberbullying Detection: State of the Art", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 783–790, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060187
56. Inna Valieva, Iurii Voitenko, Mats Björkman, Johan Åkerberg, Mikael Ekström, "Multiple Machine Learning Algorithms Comparison for Modulation Type Classification Based on Instantaneous Values of the Time Domain Signal and Time Series Statistics Derived from Wavelet Transform", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 658–671, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060172
57. Carlos López-Bermeo, Mauricio González-Palacio, Lina Sepúlveda-Cano, Rubén Montoya-Ramírez, César Hidalgo-Montoya, "Comparison of Machine Learning Parametric and Non-Parametric Techniques for Determining Soil Moisture: Case Study at Las Palmas Andean Basin", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 636–650, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060170
58. Ndiatenda Ndou, Ritesh Ajoodha, Ashwini Jadhav, "A Case Study to Enhance Student Support Initiatives Through Forecasting Student Success in Higher-Education", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 230–241, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060126
59. Lonia Masangu, Ashwini Jadhav, Ritesh Ajoodha, "Predicting Student Academic Performance Using Data Mining Techniques", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 153–163, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060117
60. Sara Ftaimi, Tomader Mazri, "Handling Priority Data in Smart Transportation System by using Support Vector Machine Algorithm", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 1422–1427, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj0506172
61. Othmane Rahmaoui, Kamal Souali, Mohammed Ouzzif, "Towards a Documents Processing Tool using Traceability Information Retrieval and Content Recognition Through Machine Learning in a Big Data Context", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 1267–1277, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj0506151
62. Majdouline Meddad, Chouaib Moujahdi, Mounia Mikram, Mohammed Rziza, "Optimization of Multi-user Face Identification Systems in Big Data Environments", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 762–767, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050691
63. Kin Yun Lum, Yeh Huann Goh, Yi Bin Lee, "American Sign Language Recognition Based on MobileNetV2", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 481–488, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050657
64. Gede Putra Kusuma, Jonathan, Andreas Pangestu Lim, "Emotion Recognition on FER-2013 Face Images Using Fine-Tuned VGG-16", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 315–322, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050638
65. Puttakul Sakul-Ung, Amornvit Vatcharaphrueksadee, Pitiporn Ruchanawet, Kanin Kearpimy, Hathairat Ketmaneechairat, Maleerat Maliyaem, "Overmind: A Collaborative Decentralized Machine Learning Framework", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 280–289, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050634
66. Andrea Generosi, Silvia Ceccacci, Samuele Faggiano, Luca Giraldi, Maura Mengoni, "A Toolkit for the Automatic Analysis of Human Behavior in HCI Applications in the Wild", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 185–192, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050622
67. Pamela Zontone, Antonio Affanni, Riccardo Bernardini, Leonida Del Linz, Alessandro Piras, Roberto Rinaldo, "Supervised Learning Techniques for Stress Detection in Car Drivers", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 22–29, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050603
68. Sherif H. ElGohary, Aya Lithy, Shefaa Khamis, Aya Ali, Aya Alaa el-din, Hager Abd El-Azim, "Interactive Virtual Rehabilitation for Aphasic Arabic-Speaking Patients", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 1225–1232, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj0505148
69. Kodai Kitagawa, Koji Matsumoto, Kensuke Iwanaga, Siti Anom Ahmad, Takayuki Nagasaki, Sota Nakano, Mitsumasa Hida, Shogo Okamatsu, Chikamune Wada, "Posture Recognition Method for Caregivers during Postural Change of a Patient on a Bed using Wearable Sensors", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 1093–1098, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj0505133
70. Daniyar Nurseitov, Kairat Bostanbekov, Maksat Kanatov, Anel Alimova, Abdelrahman Abdallah, Galymzhan Abdimanap, "Classification of Handwritten Names of Cities and Handwritten Text Recognition using Various Deep Learning Models", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 934–943, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj0505114
71. Khalid A. AlAfandy, Hicham Omara, Mohamed Lazaar, Mohammed Al Achhab, "Using Classic Networks for Classifying Remote Sensing Images: Comparative Study", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 770–780, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050594
72. Khalid A. AlAfandy, Hicham, Mohamed Lazaar, Mohammed Al Achhab, "Investment of Classic Deep CNNs and SVM for Classifying Remote Sensing Images", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 652–659, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050580
73. Lana Abdulrazaq Abdullah, Muzhir Shaban Al-Ani, "CNN-LSTM Based Model for ECG Arrhythmias and Myocardial Infarction Classification", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 601–606, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050573
74. Rajesh Kumar, Geetha S, "Malware Classification Using XGboost-Gradient Boosted Decision Tree", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 536–549, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050566
75. Nghia Duong-Trung, Nga Quynh Thi Tang, Xuan Son Ha, "Interpretation of Machine Learning Models for Medical Diagnosis", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 469–477, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050558
76. Oumaima Terrada, Soufiane Hamida, Bouchaib Cherradi, Abdelhadi Raihani, Omar Bouattane, "Supervised Machine Learning Based Medical Diagnosis Support System for Prediction of Patients with Heart Disease", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 269–277, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050533
77. Haytham Azmi, "FPGA Acceleration of Tree-based Learning Algorithms", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 237–244, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050529
78. Hicham Moujahid, Bouchaib Cherradi, Oussama El Gannour, Lhoussain Bahatti, Oumaima Terrada, Soufiane Hamida, "Convolutional Neural Network Based Classification of Patients with Pneumonia using X-ray Lung Images", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 167–175, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050522
79. Mohsine Elkhayati, Youssfi Elkettani, "Towards Directing Convolutional Neural Networks Using Computational Geometry Algorithms: Application to Handwritten Arabic Character Recognition", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 137–147, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050519
80. Young-Jin Park, Hui-Sup Cho, "A Method for Detecting Human Presence and Movement Using Impulse Radar", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 770–775, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050491
81. Nghia Duong-Trung, Luyl-Da Quach, Chi-Ngon Nguyen, "Towards Classification of Shrimp Diseases Using Transferred Convolutional Neural Networks", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 724–732, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050486
82. Anouar Bachar, Noureddine El Makhfi, Omar EL Bannay, "Machine Learning for Network Intrusion Detection Based on SVM Binary Classification Model", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 638–644, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050476
83. Adonis Santos, Patricia Angela Abu, Carlos Oppus, Rosula Reyes, "Real-Time Traffic Sign Detection and Recognition System for Assistive Driving", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 600–611, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050471
84. Amar Choudhary, Deependra Pandey, Saurabh Bhardwaj, "Overview of Solar Radiation Estimation Techniques with Development of Solar Radiation Model Using Artificial Neural Network", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 589–593, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050469
85. Maroua Abdellaoui, Dounia Daghouj, Mohammed Fattah, Younes Balboul, Said Mazer, Moulhime El Bekkali, "Artificial Intelligence Approach for Target Classification: A State of the Art", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 445–456, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050453
86. Roberta Avanzato, Francesco Beritelli, "A CNN-based Differential Image Processing Approach for Rainfall Classification", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 438–444, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050452
87. Shahab Pasha, Jan Lundgren, Christian Ritz, Yuexian Zou, "Distributed Microphone Arrays, Emerging Speech and Audio Signal Processing Platforms: A Review", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 331–343, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050439
88. Ilias Kalathas, Michail Papoutsidakis, Chistos Drosos, "Optimization of the Procedures for Checking the Functionality of the Greek Railways: Data Mining and Machine Learning Approach to Predict Passenger Train Immobilization", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 287–295, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050435
89. Yosaphat Catur Widiyono, Sani Muhamad Isa, "Utilization of Data Mining to Predict Non-Performing Loan", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 252–256, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050431
90. Van-Hung Le, Hung-Cuong Nguyen, "A Survey on 3D Hand Skeleton and Pose Estimation by Convolutional Neural Network", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 144–159, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050418
91. Hai Thanh Nguyen, Nhi Yen Kim Phan, Huong Hoang Luong, Trung Phuoc Le, Nghi Cong Tran, "Efficient Discretization Approaches for Machine Learning Techniques to Improve Disease Classification on Gut Microbiome Composition Data", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 547–556, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050368
92. Ruba Obiedat, "Risk Management: The Case of Intrusion Detection using Data Mining Techniques", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 529–535, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050365
93. Krina B. Gabani, Mayuri A. Mehta, Stephanie Noronha, "Racial Categorization Methods: A Survey", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 388–401, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050350
94. Dennis Luqman, Sani Muhamad Isa, "Machine Learning Model to Identify the Optimum Database Query Execution Platform on GPU Assisted Database", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 214–225, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050328
95. Neptali Montañez, Jomari Joseph Barrera, "Automated Abaca Fiber Grade Classification Using Convolution Neural Network (CNN)", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 207–213, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050327
96. Gillala Rekha, Shaveta Malik, Amit Kumar Tyagi, Meghna Manoj Nair, "Intrusion Detection in Cyber Security: Role of Machine Learning and Data Mining in Cyber Security", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 72–81, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050310
97. Yeji Shin, Youngone Cho, Hyun Wook Kang, Jin-Gu Kang, Jin-Woo Jung, "Neural Network-based Efficient Measurement Method on Upside Down Orientation of a Digital Document", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 697–702, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050286
98. Ahmed EL Orche, Mohamed Bahaj, "Approach to Combine an Ontology-Based on Payment System with Neural Network for Transaction Fraud Detection", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 551–560, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050269
99. Bokyoon Na, Geoffrey C Fox, "Object Classifications by Image Super-Resolution Preprocessing for Convolutional Neural Networks", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 476–483, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050261
100. Lenin G. Falconi, Maria Perez, Wilbert G. Aguilar, Aura Conci, "Transfer Learning and Fine Tuning in Breast Mammogram Abnormalities Classification on CBIS-DDSM Database", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 154–165, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050220