1. Introduction

Email is one of the tools used to communicate today. Email usage has substantially increased globally. In 2015, the number of emails sent and received, reach over 205 billion per day, and expected to grow around 3% every year, and reach over 246 billion at the end of 2019 [1]. Due to the strong increase of internet penetration, many customers use email to substitute for traditional communication methods such as letters or phone calls. As a result, the company receives every day numerous emails. Previous studies only classify e-mail with two categories, namely spam, and not spam, while in the contact centre the categories used to verify e-mail are four, namely, complaint, inquiry, transaction, and maintenance. With the huge volume of emails received by the contact centre every day, it will be very difficult to process these emails quickly. Hopefully, this research can find the classification model with the best accuracy that applies to be used to assist in processing e-mail at contact centre, especially in terms of categorization. At present, companies are outsourcing their internal email management to a dedicated call-centre environment. Handling e-mail efficiently is one of the main challenges in business [2]. This paper describes the methodologies method that can classify emails into four different categories based on the category that has applied in the contact centre that is, complaint, inquiry, maintenance, and transaction. The dataset used in this research is data primer collected from one of the contact centre. The dataset through the pre-processing stage before the accuracy, precision, and recall of each algorithm evaluated. Data cleaning, case folding, tokenizing, stemming and stop words elimination are pre-processing techniques that have widely used and combined with various algorithms to help improve and analyse which combinations give the best results [3]. The feature from documents extracted using TF-IDF. TF-IDF is a product of two statistics, namely Term Frequency and Inverse Document Frequency. To differentiate more, the number of terms that appear in each document calculated, and all added together [4].

2. Related Works

This paper focuses on comparing the algorithms to find the best result in classifying the emails based on the category used by the contact centre to classify customer emails. There are much research has been conducted for email classifying.

Harisinghaney proposed a research to detect spam emails based on text and images using three algorithms that is Naïve Bayes, KNN and Reverse DBSCAN. They adapt spam filters for each user’s preferences and predict whether or not e-mails include spam using text mining and text recognizing with OCR library TESSERACT. in the study; they could achieve accuracy almost 50% better using pre-processed data compared to the accuracy achieved without using pre-processed data in all three algorithms. KNN with pre-processing data gets 83% accuracy in text and image-based spam filtering compared with 45% without pre-processing data. Similarly, Using Reverse DBSCAN, we achieved 74% accurate results using pre-processed data compared to 48% accuracy without pre-processed data. And finally, the best accuracy achieved by the Naive Bayes algorithm which is an 87% accurate result which is only 47% without pre-processing data [5].

Anitha used a Modified Naïve Bayes (MNB) algorithm to classify emails including spam or not spam. the results indicate that MNB is a spam email classifier that can classify with an average accuracy of 99.5%. Also, this requires a smaller amount of data for training and to provide standard performance with very low training time, 3.5 seconds. So far from this study, it was concluded that MNB is a fast and reliable classifier because it is related to the probability of words independent in the contents of an email. MNB provides the ethics of a new approach to email classification by combining probabilities independent of sequential words [6].

Gomes has studied a comparative approach to classify e-mails whether they are in the category of spam or non-spam e-mail using the Naïve Bayes Classifier and Hidden Markov Model (HMM). Categorization is done by only considering the text content of the body of the email. the results showed that HMM for classification provides better accuracy [1].

The anti-spam email system was implemented by Esmaeili in their research, they implemented an anti-spam system using the Naïve Bayes vs. method. PCA as a classifier, to classify spam and non-spam emails and use the feature selection method to increase the strength and speed of the classifier.   The results of the study show that the Bayesian method with less miss classification had better precision compared to PCA, but PCA is a very fast method compared to the Bayesian. So, by increasing the number of training emails, and also using a good classifier such as SVM or ANN instead of the 1-NN method can increase the power of the PCA method [7].

In this study the authors will compare the results of the accuracy of the classification of three methods, namely Naïve Bayes Classification, K-NN and SVM. If in previous studies only classify emails in two classes, namely spam or non-spam, in this study email will be classified in 4 classes, namely complaints, inquiries, maintenance and transactions according to the  category used by the banking contact center to classify customer emails.

If in the previous studies using data sources that mostly come from Enron Corpus, but in this study the data used are primary data from the database of one of the banking contact centers. Furthermore, if in previous studies only classify emails into two classes, namely spam and non-spam emails, but in this study, emails are classified into four classes according to the contents of the email namely maintenance, complaint, transaction and inquiry. In this study also uses and compares two different data feature extraction methods namely tf-idf and word2vec, where in previous studies most of them only used one method to extract data features.

3. Research Method

This research is motivated by the development of the company’s service business to customers through contact centers which currently not only serve through telephone media but also through other media, one of which is via email and how contact centers are able to provide fast services to process customer emails where at This is to categorize the customer’s email is still done manually by the contact center agent. The stages of the research carried out can be seen in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Research Stages

The data used in this study are primary data originating from the contact center email banking database, namely customer emails sent to the call center in the period 2016 to June 2018. The data is obtained by taking directly from the contact center email database.

3.1.  Preprocessing

The data that has been obtained will go through the text preprocessing stage with the following methods [8] :

• Tokenization is the procedure of separating the text into words, phrases, or other important parts called tokens. In other words, tokenization is a form of text segmentation. Specifically, segmentation carries or considers only alphabetical or alphanumeric characters that separated from non-alphanumeric characters (for example, punctuation and spaces).

• Stop-words are words that commonly found in the text without dependence on certain topics (for example, conjunctions, prepositions, articles, etc.). Therefore, stop words usually assumed to be irrelevant in the study of text classification and omitted before classification. Specific stop-words for languages that are being studied, such as stemming.

• Convert into lowercase. At this step, it will convert all letters in the uppercase form into lowercase forms before classified.
• Stemming is to get the root word or the form of words that derived. Because words that semantically derived are similar to the root form, word events are usually calculated after applying stemming to the given text. Stemming algorithms are indeed specific to the language being studied.

3.2.  Feature Extraction

Text classification is one of the main applications of machine learning. His job is to place new documents without labels into the specified categories. The text classification process involves two main problems, the first problem is the process of extracting feature terms that are effective in the training phase and the second is the actual classification of documents using feature terms in the test phase. Before classifying text, pre-processing has been done. In pre-processing Stop words are omitted and Stemmed is done.

Term frequency is calculated for each term in the document, and TF-IDF is also calculated [4].

Figure 2: Document Classification Process with feature extraction

Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency (TF-IDF) is a numerical statistic that reveals how important a word is to a document. TF-IDF is often used as a weighting factor in information retrieval and text mining. The TF-IDF value increases proportionally to the number of times a word appears in a document but is contrary to the frequency of words in the corpus. This can help control the fact that some words are more common than others. TF-IDF can be successfully used to filter Stop-words in various subject areas including text summaries and classifications.

Term Frequency (TF) is defined as the number of times a term appears in a document.

Inverse Document Frequency (IDF) is the statistical weight used to measure the importance of a term in a text document. The IDF feature is included where it reduces the weight of terms that often appear in the document and increases the weight of terms that rarely appear.

Terms Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency (TF-IDF) is calculated using the following formula:

In word2vec, there are two main learning algorithms, continuous bag-of-words, and continuous skip-gram. With continuous bag-of-words, the sequence of words in history does not affect projections. This predicts the current word based on the context. Skip-gram predicts the surrounding words given by the current word. Unlike the standard bag-of-words model, continuous bag-of-words use distributed representation from the context. It is also important to state that the matrix of weights between the input and the projection layer is shared for all word positions. The skip-gram model by default has a training complexity architecture as follows:

From the formula can be explained, C is the maximum distance for words, D is a representation of the word, and V is dimensionality. This means that for each training word, we will randomly select a number of R in the range <I; C> and use the word R from history and the word R from the future of the word chosen as the correct label. This requires us to do two classifications of the word R with the word chosen as input and each word R + R as the output. Using a binary tree representation of VOCAB the number of output units that require evaluation can go down to around log2 (V) [9].

3.3.  Text Classification Techniques

In general, the text classification technique can be divided into two, The Statistical and Machine Learning approaches. Pure Statistical Techniques meet the hypotheses that are manually proclaimed, therefore, the need for algorithms is only minimal. Whereas Machine Learning techniques are specifically made for automation [10].

Naïve Bayes (NB), is a Bayes theorem oriented learning model that is very useful for learning tasks involving high dimensions of data, such as text classification & web mining. In general Bayesian models, classification is obtained by using dependencies (or conditional dependencies) between random variables. This process is usually time-consuming because examining the relationship between all random variables is a combinatorial optimization task. Alternatively, Naïve Bayes loosens the structure dependence between attributes by simply assuming that the attributes are conditionally independent, given a class label. As a result, examining the relationship between attributes no longer needed and derivatives of the NB model can be linearly scaled to training data [11].

K-Nearest Neighbours (KNN) is an example-based classification algorithm where documents that are not seen are classified with the majority category k the most similar training documents. The similarity between two documents can be measured by Euclidean distance from n feature vectors representing documents [12].

Support vector machine (SVM) is a class of machine learning algorithms that can do pattern recognition and regression based on statistical learning theory and the principle of structural risk minimization. Vladimir Vapnik created the SVM to look for a hyperplane that separates a set of positive examples from a set of negative examples with maximum margins. Margin defined by the distance from the hyperplane to the closest positive and negative examples [13].

3.4.  Classification and Evaluation

The data ratio is used 80% for training data and 20% for testing data. In this stage the text classification will be carried out using the Naïve Bayes method, k-NN and SVM and comparing the accuracy values from the classification results of each method to determine which method has the best accuracy. Classification is divided into 4 classes according to categories namely, Complaint, Maintenance, Inquiry and Transaction.

The results of the text classification process will be evaluated to determine the accuracy of each classification method used. The classification results are displayed in the accuracy and confusion matrix table.

The formula for calculating accuracy, precision, recall and F1-score in a multi-class classification is as follows:

Where,  is True Positive,  is True Negative,  is False Positive,  is False Negative and  is the number of class classified.

A summary of the classification results will display a graph showing the comparison of accuracy, recall, precision and f1-score of the classification results for each model used in this study.

4. Result and Analysis

This research uses primary data originating from a banking contact centre that contains 55281 emails with different amounts of data for each label according to the amount of data got within the 2016 to 2018 period. The email data used has been manually labelled by contact centre agents based on the categories that have been determined by regulations that apply to the contact centre. Email is divided into 4 classes, namely, Maintenance, Inquiry, Complaint, and Transaction. Emails are labelled based on the intent and purpose contained in the body contents of the email. The following is an example of the email data used in this research.

Data split into training and testing data with ratio 80% for training and 20% for testing.

4.1.  Pre-Processing

The following are the steps taken in pre-processing email data :

1. Lowercase Conversion

At this step, all letters in the email transformed into lowercase letters.

2. Stemming

In this step, each sentence in the body of the email is separated into words, according to the words that make up the sentence. The stemming process is done using the literary library in python.

3. Tokenization

At this step, each sentence in the body contents of the e-mail is separated into words, according to the words that form the sentence.

4. Remove Stop words

At this step, we eliminate all words that are not important or do not affect the data class.

4.2.  Feature Extraction

The feature extraction process using the TF-IDF method produces 665 word features. Examples of feature extraction results using the TF-IDF method can be seen in Table 1.

Table 1: Sample of Feature Extraction Data Result Using TF-IDF

The feature extraction process using the word2vec method is done with the parameters min_vocab_frequency = 10, and layer_size = 50. The min_vocab_frequency parameter is the minimum frequency of the number of words present in a document and layer_size is the number of vectors generated. The model will ignore words that do not meet the minimum number. The feature used is the average value of each word vector element

The result of feature extraction using word2cev produces 100 word features. An example of the feature extraction using the word2vec method can be seen in Table 2.

Table 2: Sample of Feature Extraction Data Result Using Word2vec

4.3.  Classification

The data classification in this study uses 10000 email data got from a database of one of the contact centers. Data is shared using split validation with a ratio of 80% for training data and 20% for testing data. The type of sampling used is stratified sampling. Email data consists of 4 classes that have 2500 emails for each class, namely Maintenance, Inquiry, Transaction, and Complaint. The data feature was extracted using the TF-IDF and word2vec methods.

1. Naive Bayes

Table 3 is the confusion matrix of the email classification results using the Naïve Bayes model and data feature extraction using the TF-IDF method.

Table 3: Confusion Matrix Naive Bayes model with TF-IDF feature extraction

From table 3 it can be explained that out of the total 2000 emails classified by the number of each class of 500 emails, 146 emails were predicted as true email complaints and 204 emails were predicted as false email complaints, 71.75% class precision and class recall 81.60%. There were 139 emails predicted to be true email inquiry and a total of 188 emails predicted to be the false email inquiry, class precision 42.51% and class recall 34.20%. 230 emails were predicted as true email maintenance and a total of 408 emails were predicted as false email maintenance, class precision 36.05% and class recall 33.40%. 500 emails were predicted as true email transactions and a total of 331 emails were predicted as false email transactions, 60.17% precision classes and 100% class recall.

Table 4 is the confusion matrix of the email classification results using the Naïve Bayes model and data feature extraction using the word2vec method.

Table 4: Confusion Matrix Naive Bayes model with Word2vec feature extraction

From table 4 it can be explained that out of the total 2000 emails classified by the number of each class of 500 emails, 408 emails were predicted as true email complaints and a total of 440 emails that were predicted as false email complaints, 92.73% class precision and class recall 81.60%. There were 171 emails predicted as true email inquiry and 82 emails predicted as false email inquiry, class precision 67.59% and class recall 34.20%. 167 emails were predicted as true email maintenance and a total of 158 emails were predicted as false email maintenance, class precision 51.38% and class recall 33.40%. 500 emails were predicted to be true email transactions and a total of 482 emails that are predicted to be false email transactions, class precision 50.92% and class recall 100.00%.

Table 5 and Figure 3 are tables and comparison diagrams of email classification results using the Naïve Bayes model and the TF-IDF and word2vec feature extraction method.

Table 5: Summary of Naive Bayes classification result

From table 8 and figure 2 above it can be seen that the accuracy of email classification using the Naive Bayes model combined with the word2vec feature extraction method has a higher accuracy rate of 63.30%, compared to the accuracy of the classification results of the Naive Bayes model combined with the TF-IDF feature extraction method. which is 50.75%.

Figure 3: Summary of Naive Bayes classification result diagram

1. KNN

The K value used in this classification model is determined by testing using a different K value from the value of K = 1 to the value of K = 10. Figure 4.6 and Table 9 are diagrams and tables of the level of accuracy obtained from the test results with different K values. Classification is done by testing different measure types parameters. The highest accuracy results are obtained with parameters, Measures Types: Numerical Measures and Numerical Measures Type: Cosine Similarity.

Table 6: Level of Accuracy KNN Classification for each K value

Figure 4: Level of Accuracy KNN Classification for each K value diagram

Table 7 is the confusion matrix of the email classification results using the KNN model with a value of K = 4 and data feature extraction using the TF-IDF method.

Table 7: Confusion Matrix KNN model with TF-IDF feature extraction

From table 7 it can be explained, out of the total 2000 emails classified by the number of each class of 500 emails, 329 emails were predicted as true email complaints and a total of 162 emails were predicted as false email complaints, 67.01% class precision and class recall 65.80%. There were 290 emails predicted as true email inquiry and a total of 242 emails predicted as false email inquiry, 54.51% precision class and 58.00% class recall. 294 emails were predicted as true email maintenance and a total of 167 emails that were predicted to be false email maintenance, 63.77% precision class, and 58.80% class recall. 500 emails were predicted to be true email transactions and a total of 16 emails that are predicted to be false email transactions, 96.90% class precision and 100.00% class recall.

Table 8 below is the confusion matrix of the results of email classification using the KNN model with a value of K = 9 and data feature extraction using the word2vec method.

Table 8: Confusion Matrix KNN model with Word2vec feature extraction

From table 8 it can be explained out of the total 2000 emails classified by the number of each class of 500 emails, 333 emails were predicted as true email complaints and a total of 74 emails were predicted as false email complaints, 81.82% class precision and class recall 66.60%. There were 299 emails predicted as true email inquiry and 206 emails predicted as false email inquiry, class precision 59.51% and class recall 59.80%. There are 360 emails predicted as true email maintenance and a total of 193 emails predicted as false email maintenance, 65.10% precision class and 72.00% class recall. 500 emails were predicted as true email transactions and a total of 35 emails were predicted as false email transactions, 93.46% class precision and 100.00% class recall.

Table 9 and Figure 5 are tables and comparison diagrams of email classification using the KNN model and the TF-IDF and word2vec feature extraction method.

Table 9: Summary of KNN classification result

Figure 5: Summary of KNN classification result diagram

From table 9 and figure 5 above it can be seen that the accuracy of email classification using the KNN model using the word2vec data feature has a higher accuracy rate of 74.60% when compared to the KNN model using the TF-IDF data feature 70.65%.

1. SVM

Classification with the SVM model is done by testing different types of SVM. The highest accuracy is produced by the SVM model with C-SVC type, sigmoid kernel type and epsilon value of 0.001, which is 77, 85%. Table 13 is the configuration matrix of email classification results using the SVM model and data feature extraction using the TF-IDF method.

Table 10: Confusion Matrix SVM model with TF-IDF feature extraction

From table 10 it can be explained out of the total 2000 emails classified by the number of each class of 500 emails, 356 emails were predicted as true email complaints and a total of 161 emails were predicted as false email complaints, 68.86% class precision and class recall 71.20%. There were 305 emails predicted as true email inquiry and 285 emails predicted as false email inquiry, class precision 51.69% and class recall 61.00%. 289 emails were predicted to be true email maintenance and a total of 102 emails that were predicted to be false email maintenance, 73.91% class precision and 57.80% class recall. 485 emails were predicted to be true email transactions and a total of 17 emails that were predicted to be false email transactions, class precision 96.61% and class recall 97.00%.

Table 11 is the configuration matrix of email classification results using the SVM model and data feature extraction using the word2vec method

Table 11: Confusion Matrix SVM model with Word2vec feature extraction

From table 11 it can be explained out of the total 2000 emails classified by the number of each class of 500 e-mails, 398 e-mails were predicted as true e-mail complaints and a total of 6 e-mails were predicted as false e-mail complaints, class precision 98.51% and class recall 79.60%. There were 311 emails predicted as true email inquiry and a total of 170 emails predicted as false email inquiry, 64.66% class precision, and 62.20% class recall. 370 emails were predicted as true email maintenance, and a total of 223 emails were predicted as false email maintenance, 62.39% precision class and 74.00% class recall. 478 emails were predicted as true email transactions and a total of 44 emails were predicted as false email transactions, class precision 91.57% and class recall 95.60%.

Figure 6: Summary of SVM classification result diagram

Table 12 and Figure 6 are a comparison of email classification results using the SVM model and data features obtained from the TF-IDF and word2vec methods.  From table 12 and Figure 6 above it can be seen that the accuracy of email classification using the KNN model using the word2vec data feature has a higher accuracy value of 77.85% when compared to the KNN model using the 71.75% TF-IDF data feature.

Table 12: Summary of SVM classification result

4.4.  Classification Summary

Figure 7 shows the comparison of the accuracy value of the classification results of each model, the highest accuracy value generated by the SVM model with word2vec data features of 77.85%, and the lowest accuracy value generated by the Naive Bayes model with the TF-IDF data features of 50, 75%.

Figure 7: Comparison of Accuracy Diagram

Figure 8: Comparison of Precision Diagram

Figure 8 shows the comparison of the average precision values from the results of the classification of each model, the highest average precision value generated by the SVM model with word2vec data features that is 79.28%, and the lowest average precision value produced by the Naive Bayes model with TF-IDF data features of 52.57%.

Figure 9: Comparison of Recall Diagram

Figure 9 shows a comparison of the average recall values from the classification results of each model, the highest average recall value generated by the SVM model with word2vec data features of 77.85%, and the lowest average recall value generated by the Naive Bayes model with TF-IDF data features of 50.75%.

Figure 10: Comparison of F1-Score Diagram

Figure 10 shows a comparison of the F1-Score values from the classification results of each model, the highest F1-Score value generated by the SVM model with word2vec data features of 78.56%, and the lowest F1-Score value generated by the Naive Bayes model with the TF-IDF data features of 51.65%.

Overall accuracy values obtained by classification using the word2vec data features are better when compared to using the TF-IDF data feature. From the classification results, it can be concluded that the data features used in the classification affects the accuracy value.

5. Conclusion

Email classification using the SVM model with Word2vec data features has the highest accuracy rate of 77.85% and the lowest is Naive Bayes model using the TF-IDF data feature of 50.75%. From the results of the classification carried out by each model shows that, classification using different data features has an impact on accuracy, and classification using the word2vec data feature has a better level of accuracy than using the TF-IDF data feature.

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15. Ng Kah Kit, Hafeez Ullah Amin, Kher Hui Ng, Jessica Price, Ahmad Rauf Subhani, "EEG Feature Extraction based on Fast Fourier Transform and Wavelet Analysis for Classification of Mental Stress Levels using Machine Learning", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 46–56, 2023. doi: 10.25046/aj080606
16. Kitipoth Wasayangkool, Kanabadee Srisomboon, Chatree Mahatthanajatuphat, Wilaiporn Lee, "Accuracy Improvement-Based Wireless Sensor Estimation Technique with Machine Learning Algorithms for Volume Estimation on the Sealed Box", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 108–117, 2023. doi: 10.25046/aj080313
17. Chaiyaporn Khemapatapan, Thammanoon Thepsena, "Forecasting the Weather behind Pa Sak Jolasid Dam using Quantum Machine Learning", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 54–62, 2023. doi: 10.25046/aj080307
18. Der-Jiun Pang, "Hybrid Machine Learning Model Performance in IT Project Cost and Duration Prediction", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 108–115, 2023. doi: 10.25046/aj080212
19. Paulo Gustavo Quinan, Issa Traoré, Isaac Woungang, Ujwal Reddy Gondhi, Chenyang Nie, "Hybrid Intrusion Detection Using the AEN Graph Model", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 44–63, 2023. doi: 10.25046/aj080206
20. Ossama Embarak, "Multi-Layered Machine Learning Model For Mining Learners Academic Performance", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 850–861, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060194
21. Roy D Gregori Ayon, Md. Sanaullah Rabbi, Umme Habiba, Maoyejatun Hasana, "Bangla Speech Emotion Detection using Machine Learning Ensemble Methods", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 70–76, 2022. doi: 10.25046/aj070608
22. Deeptaanshu Kumar, Ajmal Thanikkal, Prithvi Krishnamurthy, Xinlei Chen, Pei Zhang, "Analysis of Different Supervised Machine Learning Methods for Accelerometer-Based Alcohol Consumption Detection from Physical Activity", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 147–154, 2022. doi: 10.25046/aj070419
23. Zhumakhan Nazir, Temirlan Zarymkanov, Jurn-Guy Park, "A Machine Learning Model Selection Considering Tradeoffs between Accuracy and Interpretability", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 72–78, 2022. doi: 10.25046/aj070410
24. Ayoub Benchabana, Mohamed-Khireddine Kholladi, Ramla Bensaci, Belal Khaldi, "A Supervised Building Detection Based on Shadow using Segmentation and Texture in High-Resolution Images", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 166–173, 2022. doi: 10.25046/aj070319
25. Osaretin Eboya, Julia Binti Juremi, "iDRP Framework: An Intelligent Malware Exploration Framework for Big Data and Internet of Things (IoT) Ecosystem", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 185–202, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060521
26. Arwa Alghamdi, Graham Healy, Hoda Abdelhafez, "Machine Learning Algorithms for Real Time Blind Audio Source Separation with Natural Language Detection", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 125–140, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060515
27. Baida Ouafae, Louzar Oumaima, Ramdi Mariam, Lyhyaoui Abdelouahid, "Survey on Novelty Detection using Machine Learning Techniques", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 73–82, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060510
28. Radwan Qasrawi, Stephanny VicunaPolo, Diala Abu Al-Halawa, Sameh Hallaq, Ziad Abdeen, "Predicting School Children Academic Performance Using Machine Learning Techniques", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 08–15, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060502
29. Zhiyuan Chen, Howe Seng Goh, Kai Ling Sin, Kelly Lim, Nicole Ka Hei Chung, Xin Yu Liew, "Automated Agriculture Commodity Price Prediction System with Machine Learning Techniques", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 376–384, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060442
30. Hathairat Ketmaneechairat, Maleerat Maliyaem, Chalermpong Intarat, "Kamphaeng Saen Beef Cattle Identification Approach using Muzzle Print Image", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 110–122, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060413
31. Md Mahmudul Hasan, Nafiul Hasan, Dil Afroz, Ferdaus Anam Jibon, Md. Arman Hossen, Md. Shahrier Parvage, Jakaria Sulaiman Aongkon, "Electroencephalogram Based Medical Biometrics using Machine Learning: Assessment of Different Color Stimuli", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 27–34, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060304
32. Dominik Štursa, Daniel Honc, Petr Doležel, "Efficient 2D Detection and Positioning of Complex Objects for Robotic Manipulation Using Fully Convolutional Neural Network", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 915–920, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj0602104
33. Md Mahmudul Hasan, Nafiul Hasan, Mohammed Saud A Alsubaie, "Development of an EEG Controlled Wheelchair Using Color Stimuli: A Machine Learning Based Approach", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 754–762, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060287
34. Antoni Wibowo, Inten Yasmina, Antoni Wibowo, "Food Price Prediction Using Time Series Linear Ridge Regression with The Best Damping Factor", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 694–698, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060280
35. Javier E. Sánchez-Galán, Fatima Rangel Barranco, Jorge Serrano Reyes, Evelyn I. Quirós-McIntire, José Ulises Jiménez, José R. Fábrega, "Using Supervised Classification Methods for the Analysis of Multi-spectral Signatures of Rice Varieties in Panama", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 552–558, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060262
36. Phillip Blunt, Bertram Haskins, "A Model for the Application of Automatic Speech Recognition for Generating Lesson Summaries", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 526–540, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060260
37. Sebastianus Bara Primananda, Sani Muhamad Isa, "Forecasting Gold Price in Rupiah using Multivariate Analysis with LSTM and GRU Neural Networks", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 245–253, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060227
38. Byeongwoo Kim, Jongkyu Lee, "Fault Diagnosis and Noise Robustness Comparison of Rotating Machinery using CWT and CNN", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 1279–1285, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj0601146
39. Md Mahmudul Hasan, Nafiul Hasan, Mohammed Saud A Alsubaie, Md Mostafizur Rahman Komol, "Diagnosis of Tobacco Addiction using Medical Signal: An EEG-based Time-Frequency Domain Analysis Using Machine Learning", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 842–849, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060193
40. Reem Bayari, Ameur Bensefia, "Text Mining Techniques for Cyberbullying Detection: State of the Art", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 783–790, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060187
41. Inna Valieva, Iurii Voitenko, Mats Björkman, Johan Åkerberg, Mikael Ekström, "Multiple Machine Learning Algorithms Comparison for Modulation Type Classification Based on Instantaneous Values of the Time Domain Signal and Time Series Statistics Derived from Wavelet Transform", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 658–671, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060172
42. Carlos López-Bermeo, Mauricio González-Palacio, Lina Sepúlveda-Cano, Rubén Montoya-Ramírez, César Hidalgo-Montoya, "Comparison of Machine Learning Parametric and Non-Parametric Techniques for Determining Soil Moisture: Case Study at Las Palmas Andean Basin", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 636–650, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060170
43. Ndiatenda Ndou, Ritesh Ajoodha, Ashwini Jadhav, "A Case Study to Enhance Student Support Initiatives Through Forecasting Student Success in Higher-Education", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 230–241, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060126
44. Lonia Masangu, Ashwini Jadhav, Ritesh Ajoodha, "Predicting Student Academic Performance Using Data Mining Techniques", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 153–163, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060117
45. Sara Ftaimi, Tomader Mazri, "Handling Priority Data in Smart Transportation System by using Support Vector Machine Algorithm", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 1422–1427, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj0506172
46. Othmane Rahmaoui, Kamal Souali, Mohammed Ouzzif, "Towards a Documents Processing Tool using Traceability Information Retrieval and Content Recognition Through Machine Learning in a Big Data Context", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 1267–1277, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj0506151
47. Puttakul Sakul-Ung, Amornvit Vatcharaphrueksadee, Pitiporn Ruchanawet, Kanin Kearpimy, Hathairat Ketmaneechairat, Maleerat Maliyaem, "Overmind: A Collaborative Decentralized Machine Learning Framework", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 280–289, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050634
48. Pamela Zontone, Antonio Affanni, Riccardo Bernardini, Leonida Del Linz, Alessandro Piras, Roberto Rinaldo, "Supervised Learning Techniques for Stress Detection in Car Drivers", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 22–29, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050603
49. Kodai Kitagawa, Koji Matsumoto, Kensuke Iwanaga, Siti Anom Ahmad, Takayuki Nagasaki, Sota Nakano, Mitsumasa Hida, Shogo Okamatsu, Chikamune Wada, "Posture Recognition Method for Caregivers during Postural Change of a Patient on a Bed using Wearable Sensors", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 1093–1098, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj0505133
50. Khalid A. AlAfandy, Hicham Omara, Mohamed Lazaar, Mohammed Al Achhab, "Using Classic Networks for Classifying Remote Sensing Images: Comparative Study", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 770–780, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050594
51. Khalid A. AlAfandy, Hicham, Mohamed Lazaar, Mohammed Al Achhab, "Investment of Classic Deep CNNs and SVM for Classifying Remote Sensing Images", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 652–659, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050580
52. Rajesh Kumar, Geetha S, "Malware Classification Using XGboost-Gradient Boosted Decision Tree", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 536–549, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050566
53. Nghia Duong-Trung, Nga Quynh Thi Tang, Xuan Son Ha, "Interpretation of Machine Learning Models for Medical Diagnosis", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 469–477, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050558
54. Jajam Haerul Jaman, Rasdi Abdulrohman, Aries Suharso, Nina Sulistiowati, Indah Purnama Dewi, "Sentiment Analysis on Utilizing Online Transportation of Indonesian Customers Using Tweets in the Normal Era and the Pandemic Covid-19 Era with Support Vector Machine", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 389–394, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050549
55. Oumaima Terrada, Soufiane Hamida, Bouchaib Cherradi, Abdelhadi Raihani, Omar Bouattane, "Supervised Machine Learning Based Medical Diagnosis Support System for Prediction of Patients with Heart Disease", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 269–277, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050533
56. Haytham Azmi, "FPGA Acceleration of Tree-based Learning Algorithms", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 237–244, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050529
57. Hicham Moujahid, Bouchaib Cherradi, Oussama El Gannour, Lhoussain Bahatti, Oumaima Terrada, Soufiane Hamida, "Convolutional Neural Network Based Classification of Patients with Pneumonia using X-ray Lung Images", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 167–175, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050522
58. Young-Jin Park, Hui-Sup Cho, "A Method for Detecting Human Presence and Movement Using Impulse Radar", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 770–775, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050491
59. Anouar Bachar, Noureddine El Makhfi, Omar EL Bannay, "Machine Learning for Network Intrusion Detection Based on SVM Binary Classification Model", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 638–644, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050476
60. Adonis Santos, Patricia Angela Abu, Carlos Oppus, Rosula Reyes, "Real-Time Traffic Sign Detection and Recognition System for Assistive Driving", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 600–611, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050471
61. Amar Choudhary, Deependra Pandey, Saurabh Bhardwaj, "Overview of Solar Radiation Estimation Techniques with Development of Solar Radiation Model Using Artificial Neural Network", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 589–593, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050469
62. Maroua Abdellaoui, Dounia Daghouj, Mohammed Fattah, Younes Balboul, Said Mazer, Moulhime El Bekkali, "Artificial Intelligence Approach for Target Classification: A State of the Art", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 445–456, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050453
63. Shahab Pasha, Jan Lundgren, Christian Ritz, Yuexian Zou, "Distributed Microphone Arrays, Emerging Speech and Audio Signal Processing Platforms: A Review", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 331–343, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050439
64. Ilias Kalathas, Michail Papoutsidakis, Chistos Drosos, "Optimization of the Procedures for Checking the Functionality of the Greek Railways: Data Mining and Machine Learning Approach to Predict Passenger Train Immobilization", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 287–295, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050435
65. Yosaphat Catur Widiyono, Sani Muhamad Isa, "Utilization of Data Mining to Predict Non-Performing Loan", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 252–256, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050431
66. Hai Thanh Nguyen, Nhi Yen Kim Phan, Huong Hoang Luong, Trung Phuoc Le, Nghi Cong Tran, "Efficient Discretization Approaches for Machine Learning Techniques to Improve Disease Classification on Gut Microbiome Composition Data", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 547–556, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050368
67. Ruba Obiedat, "Risk Management: The Case of Intrusion Detection using Data Mining Techniques", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 529–535, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050365
68. Krina B. Gabani, Mayuri A. Mehta, Stephanie Noronha, "Racial Categorization Methods: A Survey", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 388–401, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050350
69. Dennis Luqman, Sani Muhamad Isa, "Machine Learning Model to Identify the Optimum Database Query Execution Platform on GPU Assisted Database", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 214–225, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050328
70. Gillala Rekha, Shaveta Malik, Amit Kumar Tyagi, Meghna Manoj Nair, "Intrusion Detection in Cyber Security: Role of Machine Learning and Data Mining in Cyber Security", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 72–81, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050310
71. Ahmed EL Orche, Mohamed Bahaj, "Approach to Combine an Ontology-Based on Payment System with Neural Network for Transaction Fraud Detection", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 551–560, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050269
72. Bokyoon Na, Geoffrey C Fox, "Object Classifications by Image Super-Resolution Preprocessing for Convolutional Neural Networks", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 476–483, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050261
73. Johannes Linden, Xutao Wang, Stefan Forsstrom, Tingting Zhang, "Productify News Article Classification Model with Sagemaker", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 13–18, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050202
74. Rehan Ullah Khan, Ali Mustafa Qamar, Mohammed Hadwan, "Quranic Reciter Recognition: A Machine Learning Approach", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 173–176, 2019. doi: 10.25046/aj040621
75. Mehdi Guessous, Lahbib Zenkouar, "An ML-optimized dRRM Solution for IEEE 802.11 Enterprise Wlan Networks", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 19–31, 2019. doi: 10.25046/aj040603
76. Toshiyasu Kato, Yuki Terawaki, Yasushi Kodama, Teruhiko Unoki, Yasushi Kambayashi, "Estimating Academic results from Trainees’ Activities in Programming Exercises Using Four Types of Machine Learning", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 321–326, 2019. doi: 10.25046/aj040541
77. Nindhia Hutagaol, Suharjito, "Predictive Modelling of Student Dropout Using Ensemble Classifier Method in Higher Education", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 206–211, 2019. doi: 10.25046/aj040425
78. Fernando Hernández, Roberto Vega, Freddy Tapia, Derlin Morocho, Walter Fuertes, "Early Detection of Alzheimer’s Using Digital Image Processing Through Iridology, An Alternative Method", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 126–137, 2019. doi: 10.25046/aj040317
79. Abba Suganda Girsang, Andi Setiadi Manalu, Ko-Wei Huang, "Feature Selection for Musical Genre Classification Using a Genetic Algorithm", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 162–169, 2019. doi: 10.25046/aj040221
80. Ahmad Zainul Hamdi, Ahmad Hanif Asyhar, Yuniar Farida, Nurissaidah Ulinnuha, Dian Candra Rini Novitasari, Ahmad Zaenal Arifin, "Sentiment Analysis of Regional Head Candidate’s Electability from the National Mass Media Perspective Using the Text Mining Algorithm", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 134–139, 2019. doi: 10.25046/aj040218
81. Konstantin Mironov, Ruslan Gayanov, Dmiriy Kurennov, "Observing and Forecasting the Trajectory of the Thrown Body with use of Genetic Programming", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 248–257, 2019. doi: 10.25046/aj040124
82. Bok Gyu Han, Hyeon Seok Yang, Ho Gyeong Lee, Young Shik Moon, "Low Contrast Image Enhancement Using Convolutional Neural Network with Simple Reflection Model", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 159–164, 2019. doi: 10.25046/aj040115
83. Zheng Xie, Chaitanya Gadepalli, Farideh Jalalinajafabadi, Barry M.G. Cheetham, Jarrod J. Homer, "Machine Learning Applied to GRBAS Voice Quality Assessment", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 329–338, 2018. doi: 10.25046/aj030641
84. Richard Osei Agjei, Emmanuel Awuni Kolog, Daniel Dei, Juliet Yayra Tengey, "Emotional Impact of Suicide on Active Witnesses: Predicting with Machine Learning", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 501–509, 2018. doi: 10.25046/aj030557
85. Sudipta Saha, Aninda Saha, Zubayr Khalid, Pritam Paul, Shuvam Biswas, "A Machine Learning Framework Using Distinctive Feature Extraction for Hand Gesture Recognition", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 72–81, 2018. doi: 10.25046/aj030510
86. Charles Frank, Asmail Habach, Raed Seetan, Abdullah Wahbeh, "Predicting Smoking Status Using Machine Learning Algorithms and Statistical Analysis", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 184–189, 2018. doi: 10.25046/aj030221
87. Sehla Loussaief, Afef Abdelkrim, "Machine Learning framework for image classification", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 1–10, 2018. doi: 10.25046/aj030101
88. Ruijian Zhang, Deren Li, "Applying Machine Learning and High Performance Computing to Water Quality Assessment and Prediction", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 2, no. 6, pp. 285–289, 2017. doi: 10.25046/aj020635
89. Batoul Haidar, Maroun Chamoun, Ahmed Serhrouchni, "A Multilingual System for Cyberbullying Detection: Arabic Content Detection using Machine Learning", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 2, no. 6, pp. 275–284, 2017. doi: 10.25046/aj020634
90. Yuksel Arslan, Abdussamet Tanıs, Huseyin Canbolat, "A Relational Database Model and Tools for Environmental Sound Recognition", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 2, no. 6, pp. 145–150, 2017. doi: 10.25046/aj020618
91. Loretta Henderson Cheeks, Ashraf Gaffar, Mable Johnson Moore, "Modeling Double Subjectivity for Gaining Programmable Insights: Framing the Case of Uber", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 1677–1692, 2017. doi: 10.25046/aj0203209
92. Moses Ekpenyong, Daniel Asuquo, Samuel Robinson, Imeh Umoren, Etebong Isong, "Soft Handoff Evaluation and Efficient Access Network Selection in Next Generation Cellular Systems", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 1616–1625, 2017. doi: 10.25046/aj0203201
93. Rogerio Gomes Lopes, Marcelo Ladeira, Rommel Novaes Carvalho, "Use of machine learning techniques in the prediction of credit recovery", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 1432–1442, 2017. doi: 10.25046/aj0203179
94. Daniel Fraunholz, Marc Zimmermann, Hans Dieter Schotten, "Towards Deployment Strategies for Deception Systems", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 1272–1279, 2017. doi: 10.25046/aj0203161
95. Mohamed Salim El Bazzi, Driss Mammass, Abdelatif Ennaji, Taher Zaki, "Features based approach for indexation and representation of unstructured Arabic documents", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 900–905, 2017. doi: 10.25046/aj0203112
96. Arsim Susuri, Mentor Hamiti, Agni Dika, "Detection of Vandalism in Wikipedia using Metadata Features – Implementation in Simple English and Albanian sections", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 1–7, 2017. doi: 10.25046/aj020401
97. Said A. Salloum, Mostafa Al-Emran, Azza Abdel Monem, Khaled Shaalan, "A Survey of Text Mining in Social Media: Facebook and Twitter Perspectives", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 127–133, 2017. doi: 10.25046/aj020115
98. Adewale Opeoluwa Ogunde, Ajibola Rasaq Olanbo, "A Web-Based Decision Support System for Evaluating Soil Suitability for Cassava Cultivation", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 42–50, 2017. doi: 10.25046/aj020105
99. Arsim Susuri, Mentor Hamiti, Agni Dika, "The Class Imbalance Problem in the Machine Learning Based Detection of Vandalism in Wikipedia across Languages", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 16–22, 2016. doi: 10.25046/aj020103