1. Introduction

Most of the researches on Sustainable Development (SD) were focused, for the majority of them and until recently only on large structures. That being said, we believe that our study on Smes will be very useful as it provides us with the opportunity to analyze the means deployed by managers and the objective sought through the integration of sustainable development practices.  In fact, Ashton, Russell and Futch [1] find that the majority of Smes in the United States of America are driven primarily by cost and competitiveness concerns, rather than by the implementation of green practices in their managerial practice. It is, in this sense, the merits of this study that will allow us to touch the why of the Why the integration of sustainable development practices in Moroccan Small and Medium Enterprise and by what means?

In [2], the author found that Smes represent approximately 90% of international organizations, Bank Al Maghreb identified a percentage that is close to 95% [3] with a 50% contribution to job creation, a rate which is very significant at national level. It should be noted that these structures also play a significant role in negatively impacting their environment [4]-[6]

Indeed, all the literature research shows that Smes, by their rather particular features, translate differently the integration into their systems of management of Sustainable Development (SD) practices than large structures i.e. often working in a different way in terms of their involvement in this process. Although the term of sustainable development is differently defined by several authors, we have retained the Brundtland’s report definition (1987) “Our Common Future” [7] which defines it as a development that must meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability to meet those of future generations. This is not about stopping economic growth, on the contrary.”

It is with this in mind that our investigation focused on the concern behind the introduction of this concept of SD through all its facets (certification, social responsibility, societal responsibility, green projects, etc..) within the company as well as the means used by managers in terms of environmental management and training to establish and convey their SD culture in their managerial vision. A vision that positions commercial concern as a priority sought through these SD practices.

The aim is to present the results of an investigation that was carried out in the city of Kénitra, a city possessing considerable assets giving it a place and a promising situation in the new regionalization. Our approach will show a methodological approach with a presentation of the main results we have achieved.

2. Methodology

We opted to conduct this investigation for a quantitative study through the development of different headings that fed our questionnaire in order to approach the well-basis on the perception and adoption of the multiple practices of sustainable development in management that aims at corporate citizenship in order to clarify the why of the implementation of this model in Smes operating in the city of Kénitra. We pre-tested our questionnaire on a sample of 5 Managers operating within Smes and 4 university teachers-researchers in the field of sustainable development to check its fluidity, the flow of questions, the respondent’s understanding of all the sections of the questionnaire as well as the veracity of the answers that will allow us to obtain an overview of the concept of sustainable development and the implementation of its tools within Smes through a kind of management that we can refer to as responsible [8].

The components of this study can be summarized in the following axes:

• Identification of the SME and the manager,
• The SME managers perception of the concept of sustainable development,
• The means employed by the company to ensure its environmental and/or social involvement,
• The place of training and communication of SD practices in the managerial vision and in the integration of a culture within the SME.

For each explored axis, we matched either closed questions with the possibility of a yes or no answer, or questions with a range of answers ranging from one to several checkboxes. For more suggestions from respondents such as directors, managers, or project managers, whose functional quality is interesting, we have suggested an open question that could be used to push them forward in order to collect more information that can help us to better develop our interpretation.

We have conducted our investigation on 30 Smes (This data gathering phase coincided with the confinement). The choice is often made depending on the number of employees and turnover [9] [10]; as far as our investigation is concerned, only the workforce criterion will be used, a permanent workforce between (10 and 200) employees according to the 2002 Charter classification[1]. This classification, which corresponds to the quantitative approach, integrates two other qualitative parameters, namely its location in the kénitra region and the type of activity that is part of the industrial sector.

It is important to note that our sample includes Smes in this region whose activity is in the secondary sector, which is considered as strategic because it provides engineering jobs and research and development work for service companies of the tertiary sector [11], while focusing on the most widespread fields where technical progress remains moderate [12].

The city of Kénitra covers, according to the HCP, a total area of 3,052 km², or 17.37% of the entire region of Rabat-Salé-Kénitra (RSK) which is one of the 12 regions of Morocco, created by the new territorial division of the regions of 2015 in application of the Decree No. 2-15-40 of the Official Bulletin of 05 March 2015.

Our choice has settled on this city because it benefits from an economic array that allows it to appropriate a fairly important place in terms of production and job creation in its region. Its environmental aspect allows it to own a special natural heritage that can be negatively impacted by the establishment of the Atlantic Free Zone and industrial districts (Bir Rami, …) which are often accompanied by strong urbanization. Our sample size included 30 Smes with 10 to 200 employees who wanted to actively contribute in this survey while providing face-to-face interviews over a period of January 25 to March 30, 2020 which coincided with the confinement’s end.

3. Results synthesis

The study population’s target and the respondents’ profiles: By referring to the first results we have obtained after the questionnaires’ analysis, we confirm that the degree of interest of Smes in the theme of sustainable development and its perception as a concept are significant. Indeed, this observation allows us to confirm that the association of the concept with the trilogy (economy, environment, and social) represents a particular interest for Smes with 66.7% (Figure 2). This situation remains verified among all those who were interviewed, irrespective of their academic training, and the field of activity of the SME. At this level, we tackle the profile of respondents, whose specifications are inserted in Tables 2 and 3.

As for the field of activity of Smes that we have approached, it remains diversified within the economic activity spectrum of Kénitra city and we note thus the strong weight of the construction sector with 26.6% which is explained by the strong urban activity in this city.

The second parameter that we mobilized to clarify the profile of respondents is the function of the respondent within the SME. It was found that the distribution of the population remains fairly balanced with a dominance of the executives (Project Managers) who  totalize a  score equal to 33%;  the second population is represented by the managers (of sites, factory or a management function) with 23.4% and managers operating in the quality field with a score of around 16.7%.

Table 1: Field of activity

Table 2: The respondent’s positions

Taking these results into account, we can advance that sustainable development is seen as the concern of all the company’s staff since the focus on this issue is shared by the different functions that structure the companies we have visited. This situation confirms the integration of horizontal management led by top management and which must be at the initiative of the environmental policy and the implementation of responsible management with the aim of defining a citizenship and responsibility SME environment with the attribute of vertical management [13] which brings together the various hierarchical levels of the company. A second factor to take into account in the identification of the respondent’s level of education.

As shown in Table 3, nearly 40% of the population we surveyed has an engineering level while the remaining respondents are dispatched between different levels of training ranging from Bachelor’s to MBA which explains the strong adherence of this profile to the many facets of the sustainable development at a rate of 66,7% (Figure 2) concerning the definition of this concept while linking it with its three fundamental axes: economic, environmental and social.

Table 3: The education level

Based on the three dominant criteria of the Material Data Sheet (business sector, function, and level of training of the respondent), we end up with representativeness of each modality that is not null and that is ensured by a value exceeding 2%. Through the heading «Perception of the term sustainable development», we want to raise the level of knowledge of this concept among respondents in order to assign it the connotation that stands against the perceived image and this through the strategic orientation and internal communication that is mobilized by the «awakened SME» to be able to highlight the interest and usefulness of a sustainable development approach within the structure.

As shown in Figure 1, the results from flat sorting, the awareness of the concept of sustainable development remains positive to the extent of 77% of the people we interviewed are familiar with the concept of sustainable development; it is necessary to deal with this percentage with caution since we had not assigned a definition to this concept but rather we propelled the spontaneous notoriety that stipulates the terminological knowledge of the concept of sustainable development without insisting on its understanding, its definition or even its axes to be set up within the company.

This awareness of the notion of sustainable development that is sometimes associated with corporate social responsibility [14] through the application of responsible management [15] by developing a vision of citizenship [16] can be acquired through internal information within the structure or through the environment or through the various media that deal with the subject especially in this era of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) dominance.

Figure 1: Sustainable development concept Notoriety

After identifying the awareness of the concept of sustainable development among the various companies that we were able to touch and whose score is of the order of 77%; we were interested in delimiting the definition of this concept in the image of each SME. At first glance, as shown in Figure 2, 66% of the population has recognized the concept of sustainable development associates it with the economic, social and environmental trilogy translated by T. Bansal [17] by the “3P” Profit, People and Planet.

Thus, SD can only be achieved through the three principles of economic efficiency, social equity and accountability; therefore, we can assume that the majority of people familiar with sustainable development have taken the time to document this concept either as a result of professional requirements or as a personal interest in the topic or in civic action since their definition falls under the common design adopted in 1987 at the Earth Summit and following the preparation of the first report of (G.H. Brundtland) which was carried out at the initiative of the United Nations and which identified the problem by associating it among other things with ecology, biodiversity and global warming…

Figure 2: « Sustainable development » definition axes

Two parameters make it possible to justify the interest of the concept of sustainable development according to the perception of the respondents, namely the global necessity with 53,3% and that stipulates the preservation of natural resources with exploitation that will not alter that of future generations and this by the setting up of equipment aimed at the use of renewable energies and also promoting the optimization of the water management (intelligent watering systems, featuring awareness regarding drinking water, etc.) and by adopting, each SME in its own way, responsible models to decrease the pollution that can arise during the exercise of their activities by putting in place an ecological vision within their operating method in terms of waste management, paper mining, moving more and more towards the concept of “zero paper” [18], without excluding, of course, the rationalization of their production systems.

Originating from the respondents, this vision shows their responsibility, regardless of their functions within the structure and activity they carry out. The second wave, represented by a total of 46,7%, is distributed with fairly close rates and emphasizes the competitiveness and the need for the implementation of sustainable development policies that will allow them to adjust into the new economic models as they are required by globalization.

Figure 3: Perception and interest of the concept of sustainable development

• Interest and commitment of Smes in a sustainable development policy

More than half of the Smes we interviewed, meaningly 56.7%, have an environmental policy as shown in Table 4. A policy initiated within the framework of sustainable development and characterized by the foundations of responsible management. Moreover, we note that European and Canadian Smes [19] increasingly integrate management practices in favour of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and are more likely to opt for certifications that are closely related to the environment or sustainable development because several studies [20] point out that SME owners claim to have started integrating sustainable development into their management practices and that 20.8% of a population of future leaders declare that they intend to do so according to the survey conducted in 2010 by the Entrepreneurship Foundation (EF). This only shows the growing commitment and involvement of Moroccan SME managers in policies stemming from sustainable development with an awareness of this concept especially following the organization of the 22nd Conference of parties held in November 2017 at Marrakech, Morocco (COP22) in Morocco.

This environmental policy is quite often associated with certification, as shown in Figure 4. Indeed, the majority of Smes with 46,7% are certified in the quality management system, which is the result of the production system, that guarantees they conquer new markets, especially foreign markets, when they post a reference to a standardization label for their production process, which ranges from the purchase of the raw material, storage, production and supply chain management. Thus, we can observe that this initiative is more a commercial requirement than an environmental one. On the other hand, the company’s affiliation to a Corporate Social Responsibility certification is only 6.7% which allows us to deduce that the Social responsibility is much more a state of mind and that environmental certification, which translates into 26.7% is more sought after by the Moroccan manager.

Table 4: Existence of environmental policy within the SME

Figure 4: SME certification

Regarding the management and management methods within the SME, they must be able to lead, when implementing an environmental policy, a responsible act that aims to mobilize all staff around a collective vocation such as respect for the environment and the company’s citizenship towards its stakeholders. We note in Figure 5, that the implementation of an environmental management plan is quite often the result of a 40% certification whereas the CSR approach is only 13,3%, a gap that remains significant due to the level of social involvement in Smes that remains relatively small compared to large enterprises.

Sharma, S [21] points out, financial constraints of an SME as opposed to a large enterprise that is more comfortable investing in a CSR business and has the ability to absorb fixed costs and ease of access to capital and other resources. It should also be stressed that when a certification project is set up, an accompanying system is put in place to standardize all production processes, the information system, the training of teams and all staff and the production platform which must meet in a manner that complies with a specification and a requirement of the chapters of the standard in relation to the (HSE) which refers to the safety and optimization of the quality system throughout the production process; therefore, the implementation of an environmental management plan is an indispensable act in the global certification chain (ISO 9001 version 2015).

At this level, the implementation of this plan by Smes is not necessarily voluntary but rather compulsory to obtain their certification that will allow them to open up to the foreign market. This is more of a purely commercial strategic act than an awareness of respect for and protection of the environment.

Figure 5: Management mode derived from sustainable development

• Integration of sustainable development in the Smes managerial mode

The operational integration of sustainable development through the adoption of a management approach that takes into account the efficient use of natural resources (Figure 6), reveals that nearly 67% of the Smes we interviewed adopt a policy that optimizes their natural resources. This figure is quite encouraging and allows us to confirm the orientation of the SME of Kénitra city towards a green economy, thus promoting the setting up of a mindset that goes in a parallel way with respect for the environment while associating economic profit of the SME with its social and environmental dimensions.

Figure 6: The efficient use of natural resources

It was necessary to stress this question, which concerns natural resources, by identifying the various means used by the SME to meet the challenge of sustainable development through the adoption of an environmental policy that must be based on the managers’ actions and which represents their day-to-day activities as shown in Figure 7. It should be noted that all the answers must be stratified between the requirement of a certification process which has as its objective a commercial fact and the personal initiative which emerges more from the awareness of the mobilization and the individual commitment of everyone with regard to the environment.

Figure 7: Means deployed to ensure efficient use of natural resources

The rational management of materials represents the largest part of the optimization of natural resources with a rate equal to 40 % and which often directly impacts the decrease of the expenses of the Smes monthly bill, followed by waste management which represents 30%. From this perspective, we can also deduce that the environmental policy adopted by Smes, which results in optimized management of natural resources, is more linked to the production process than to the specificity of the SME’s activity. A production which, the more optimized it is, the more profit it will generate in the company’s annual balance.

In addition, the implementation of renewable resources represents 13.3% although the latter allows to reduce costs considerably and to guarantee a low nuisance to the ecosystem. On the other hand, the investment cost of its implementation risks slowing down the environmental project of Smes and hinders the continuity of the sustainable development axes hoped by the manager. Through these results, we were able to highlight the importance of the implementation of environmental policy within Smes to ensure continuity, competitiveness indispensable in this era of globalization of markets especially with the outsourcing of activities from developed countries to emerging or developing countries through structures that demonstrate their support for sustainable development because the more the manager reveals its environmental involvement, the more he will gain responsible management and the more the market shares will increase. This brings us back to the fact that the implementation of this type of management requires a serious collective and individual awareness with the adoption of true corporate culture.

In the same line of thought and following the results inserted in figure 8, which represent the contribution of sustainable development to Smes, we point out that the overall trend in responses focused on seeking a competitive advantage and minimizing costs. While the reduction of the environmental impact and the production with the eco-label that allow to model own production come last; this trend of response allows us to confirm that Smes have more a commercial concern and consider, thus, sustainable development as an opportunity to label their production process (the process most targeted by the customer) in order to be able to integrate an international standardization that guarantees their acquisition of competitive advantage [22] and a referral to all their clients, subcontractors who are, quite often, already engaged in environmental policies.

Figure 8: Contribution of sustainable development to Smes

• The role of training and communication in the managerial perspective derived from sustainable development

In any management system qualified as performing, staff training constitutes a crucial axis in the implementation of either environmental or social policies. In fact, this is why we found that practically all the respondents were able to take a training course which is largely in the form of a conference with 40%, seminars 33.3% and internships in Morocco or abroad with respectively 10% and 16.7%.

Note, for example, that according to the survey that was conducted by the association for the sustainable Development practices (Apdd) [23], SME executives attended only 50% of conferences or seminars on sustainable development and wanted 33% more information on the various actions related to sustainable development. The observation that allows us to point out that the definition of this concept has undergone a marked evolution within the Moroccan SME which shows itself, aware of the impact of this type of training on the achievement of the goals of sustainable development as a whole.

Table 5: Kinds of contributions to sustainable development

Nearly 40% of the population took a training course focused on environmental management, followed by responsible management with a rate of 33.3%. The other topics are also related to environmental matters, such as sustainable development, the green economy and the management. The importance of these training actions is to demonstrate to what extent they enable participants to better perceive the concepts of implementing an environmental policy within the SME and to be able to customize their actions according to the sector and the process within which they operate.

It should be mentioned that our investigation has focused particularly on the themes that affect directly sustainable development while deliberately excluding the other themes that are oriented towards the Quality Management System, internal audit, communication, languages, etc. which are often planned either on the initiative of the manager or the staff.

Table 6: Sustainable development training topics

We conclude that the training of staff in the various topics related to the environment and Corporate Social Responsibility makes it possible to successfully integrate the practices of sustainable development within the company and therefore, increase awareness of the SME towards its social, social and environmental responsibility. This action mobilizes internal customers (the company’s staff) and promotes the external SME’s image towards all its stakeholders as well as its suppliers, which will enable it to evolve in terms of productivity and profitability, or its customers, which will ensure its successful positioning in an increasingly competitive market.

4. Discussion

The integration of sustainable development into the way of managing within Smes remains voluntary and expresses the company’s commitment to its environment and stakeholders. With the emergence of this new concept that evolves in a framework marked by the economic demands that keep changing the world especially after the financial crisis of 2008, the political wave of 2011 (year of the new constitution in Morocco), the growing interest in environmental, social equity and human rights requirements; the adoption of more and more new management methods within companies and, particularly within Smes [24] who represent a significant share in the global economic weight, becomes a compulsory requirement in order to guarantee certain sustainability through the consecration of an economic asset which must be combined with environmental and social requirements. This new approach dictates that human capital is and will be for a long time to come to the cornerstone of any economy. Hence, its awareness, its training and support represents the optimal solution for Smes that want to go towards the acquisition of a sustainable competitive advantage.

Consequently, according to Torugsa, N.A [25], a social responsibility strategy can bring significant value to the market performance of an SME and can have a very significant impact on its financial performance. In addition, Lin, L et al, [26], consider that the corporate social responsibility (CSR) has presently become an essential aspect in a company’s strategy and it is closely linked to its reputation because positive reputations generally lead to very positive financial results and performance.

During this survey, we were able to demonstrate that the concept of sustainable development through a few facets remains fairly well introduced within the Moroccan SME (77%); most often associated with the quality process or certification, it converges towards the same goal, namely, increasing competitiveness, resisting new changes in world trade and establishing an opportunity for referencing with all external stakeholders [27] that are very demanding and very committed in environmental policies.

^[1] SME/SMI 2002 Charter, Dahir  n° 1-02-188 du 12 joumada I 1423 (23 july 2002) Official Bulletin n° 5036 of 15/09/2002

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18. Jin Uk Yeon, Ji Whan Noh, Innyeal Oh, "Temperature-Compensated Overcharge Protection Measurement Technology", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 24–29, 2023. doi: 10.25046/aj080203
19. Richard Romero Izurieta, Segundo Moisés Toapanta Toapanta, Luis Jhony Caucha Morales, María Mercedes Baño Hifóng, Eriannys Zharayth Gómez Díaz, Oscar Marcelo Zambrano Vizuete, Luis Enrique Mafla Gallegos, José Antonio Orizaga Trejo, "Prototype to Identify the Capacity in Cybersecurity Management for a Public Organization", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 108–115, 2023. doi: 10.25046/aj080113
20. Clemens Gnauer, Andrea Prochazka, Elke Szalai, Sebastian Chlup, Anton Fraunschiel, "Technical Aspects and Social Science Expertise to Support Safe and Secure Handling of Autonomous Railway Systems", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 283–294, 2022. doi: 10.25046/aj070632
21. Nomawethu Tungela, Tiko Iyamu, "A Structuration View of the South African National Health Insurance Readiness", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 174–180, 2022. doi: 10.25046/aj070618
22. Faris Abdullah Almalki, Asrar Mohammed Mutawi, Ibtihal Abduljalil Turkistani, Lujain Khalaf Alqurashi, Maha Talat Fattah, Malak Tammam Almogher, Reem Shaman Aldaher, Ruzan Ahmed Wali, Wafa Muidh Almalki, Yusra Muhamed Almubayed, "Developing CubeSat and AI Framework for Crowd Management Case of Short-Term Large-Scale Events", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 114–125, 2022. doi: 10.25046/aj070612
23. Jhoys Alinson Delgado Delgado, José Sulla-Torres, "Redesign and Improvement in the Management of the Raw Material Inventory Control Process with Oracle APEX", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 103–113, 2022. doi: 10.25046/aj070611
24. Gianvito Mitrano, Antonio Caforio, Tobia Calogiuri, Chiara Colucci, Luca Mainetti, Roberto Paiano, Claudio Pascarelli, "A Cloud Telemedicine Platform Based on Workflow Management System: A Review of an Italian Case Study", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 87–102, 2022. doi: 10.25046/aj070610
25. Nan Noon Noon, Janusz R. Getta, Tianbing Xia, "Optimization of Query Processing on Multi-tiered Persistent Storage", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 20–30, 2022. doi: 10.25046/aj070603
26. Ming Fong Sie, Jingze Wu, Seth Austin Harding, Chien-Lung Lin, San-Tai Wang, Shih-wei Liao, "Secured Multi-Layer Blockchain Framework for IoT Aggregate Verification", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 106–115, 2022. doi: 10.25046/aj070312
27. Aicha Lamjahdi, Hafida Bouloiz, Maryam Gallab, "Heuristic Analysis of Overall Performance Measurement Perception and Management in Automotive Industry", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 1–11, 2022. doi: 10.25046/aj070301
28. Rachida Hassani, Younès El Bouzekri El Idrissi, "IT Project Management Models in an Era of Digital Transformation: A Study by Practice", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 53–62, 2022. doi: 10.25046/aj070205
29. Othmani Mohammed, Lamchich My Tahar, Lachguar Nora, "Power Management and Control of a Grid-Connected PV/Battery Hybrid Renewable Energy System", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 32–52, 2022. doi: 10.25046/aj070204
30. Lucie Böhmová, Antonín Pavlíček, "Innovations in Recruitment—Social Media", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 88–97, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060613
31. Sarina Abdul Halim-Lim, Nurul Najihah Azalanzazllay, Anjar Priyono, Guven Gurkan Inan, Muhammad Iqbal Hussain, "Lean Six Sigma Implementation in the Food Sector: Nexus between Readiness-Critical Success Factors", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 12–21, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060603
32. Caglar Arslan, Selen Sipahio?lu, Emre ?afak, Mesut Gözütok, Tacettin Köprülü, "Comparative Analysis and Modern Applications of PoW, PoS, PPoS Blockchain Consensus Mechanisms and New Distributed Ledger Technologies", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 279–290, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060531
33. Chia-En Yang, Yang-Ting Shen, Shih-Hao Liao, "SyncBIM: The Decision-Making BIM-Based Cloud Platform with Real-time Facial Recognition and Data Visualization", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 16–22, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060503
34. Rafael Souza Cotrim, João Manuel Leitão Pires Caldeira, Vasco Nuno da Gama de Jesus Soares, Pedro Miguel de Figueiredo Dinis Oliveira Gaspar, "Power Saving MAC Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Performance Assessment Analysis", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 341–347, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060438
35. Anas Laassiri, Abdelfettah Sedqui, "Segmentation of Stocks: Dynamic Dimensioning and Space Allocation, using an Algorithm based on Consumption Policy, Case Study", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 306–319, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060434
36. Nganyang Paul Bayendang, Mohamed Tariq Kahn, Vipin Balyan, "Power Converters and EMS for Fuel Cells CCHP Applications: A Structural and Extended Review", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 54–83, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060308
37. Marlene Ofelia Sanchez-Escobar, Julieta Noguez, Jose Martin Molina-Espinosa, Rafael Lozano-Espinosa, "Supporting the Management of Predictive Analytics Projects in a Decision-Making Center using Process Mining", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 1084–1090, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj0602123
38. Nhlanhla Nkosi, Edison Muzenda, Mohamed Belaid, Corina Mateescu, "A Critical Analysis of the Integrated Industry Waste Tyre Management Plan of South Africa", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 1046–1054, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj0602119
39. Trust Nhubu, Edison Muzenda, Belaid Mohamed, Charles Mbohwa, "Framework for Decentralizing Municipal Solid Waste Management in Harare, Zimbabwe", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 1029–1037, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj0602117
40. Zvanaka S. Mazhandu, Edison Muzenda, Mohamed Belaid, Tirivaviri A. Mamvura, Trust Nhubu, "A Review of Plastic Waste Management Practices: What Can South Africa Learn?", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 1013–1028, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj0602116
41. Trust Nhubu, Edison Muzenda, Belaid Mohamed, Charles Mbohwa, "Assessment of the Municipal Solid Waste Transfer Stations Suitability in Harare, Zimbabwe", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 1002–1012, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj0602115
42. Md. Tarequl Islam, Mostofa Kamal Nasir, Md. Mahedi Hasan, Mohammad Gazi Golam Faruque, Md. Selim Hossain, Mir Mohammad Azad, "Blockchain-Based Decentralized Digital Self-Sovereign Identity Wallet for Secure Transaction", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 977–983, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj0602112
43. Mochammad Haldi Widianto, Ari Purno Wahyu, Dadan Gusna, "Prototype Design Internet of Things Based Waste Management Using Image Processing", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 709–715, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060282
44. Natalia Yevtushenko, Nataliia Kuzminska, Tetiana Kovalova, "Dependence of the Knowledge Structure of the Company Employees on a Set of the Competencies", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 699–708, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060281
45. Yu-Chun Huang, "Analyze Performance of Enterprise Supervision System by Game Theory-Take the case of Tatung Management Rights Competition as Example", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 689–693, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060279
46. Phillip Blunt, Bertram Haskins, "A Model for the Application of Automatic Speech Recognition for Generating Lesson Summaries", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 526–540, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060260
47. Mohab Gaber, Sayed El-Banna, Mahmoud El-Dabah, Mostafa Hamad, "Designing and Implementation of an Intelligent Energy Management System for Electric Ship power system based on Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS)", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 195–203, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060223
48. Zarina Din, Dian Indrayani Jambari, Maryati Mohd Yusof, Jamaiah Yahaya, "Challenges in IoT Technology Adoption into Information System Security Management of Smart Cities: A Review", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 99–112, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060213
49. Natalia Indira Vargas-Cuentas, Avid Roman-Gonzalez, "Analysis of the Bolivian Universities Scientific Production", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 1222–1228, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj0601139
50. Saruntorn Mongkolchaichana, Busaba Phruksaphanrat, "Prioritization of Sustainable Supply Chain Management Practices in an Automotive Elastomer Manufacturer in Thailand", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 1079–1090, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj0601120
51. Shahrinaz Ismail, Faes Tumin, "Simulating Get-Understand-Share-Connect Model using Process Mining", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 1040–1048, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj0601115
52. Abdulla Alsharhan, Said Salloum, Khaled Shaalan, "The Impact of eLearning as a Knowledge Management Tool in Organizational Performance", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 928–936, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj0601102
53. Carlos Juventino Ruiz Montoya, José Luis Martínez Flores, "Contingency Plan in the Supply Chain of Companies in the Retail Industry in the Face of the Impacts of COVID-19", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 819–832, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060191
54. Santo Fernandi Wijaya, Harjanto Prabowo, Ford Lumban Gaol, Meyliana, "Enterprise Resource Planning Readiness Assessment for Determining the Maturity Level of ERP Implementation in the Industry in Indonesia", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 538–549, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060159
55. Carol Dineo Diale, Mukondeleli Grace Kanakana-Katumba, Rendani Wilson Maladzhi, "Ecosystem of Renewable Energy Enterprises for Sustainable Development: A Systematic Review", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 401–408, 2021. doi: 0.25046/aj060146
56. Eva Rolia, Dwita Sutjiningsih, Yasman, Titin Siswantining, "Modeling Watershed Health Assessment for Five Watersheds in Lampung Province, Indonesia", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 99–111, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060111
57. Yen-Hung Chen, Tin-Chang Chang, "Analysis and Evaluation of Competitiveness in Medical Tourism Industry in Taiwan", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 1690–1697, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj0506201
58. Nesma N. Gomaa, Khaled Y. Youssef, Mohamed Abouelatta, "On Design of IoT-based Power Quality Oriented Grids for Industrial Sector", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 1634–1642, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj0506194
59. Othmane Rahmaoui, Kamal Souali, Mohammed Ouzzif, "Towards a Documents Processing Tool using Traceability Information Retrieval and Content Recognition Through Machine Learning in a Big Data Context", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 1267–1277, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj0506151
60. Issam Jebreen, "An Analysts’ Skills: Bespoke Software vs Packaged Software at Small Software Vendors", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 1021–1026, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj0506123
61. Pearl Keitemoge, Daniel Tetteh Narh, "Effective Application of Information System for Purchase Process Optimization", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 594–605, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050673
62. Alan Guadalupe Ochoa Navarro, Juan De Dios Cota Apodaca, Dario Fuentes Guevara, "Strategic Plan for the Achievement of the Competitiveness of Small Companies with Respect to Large Ones", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 584–587, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050671
63. Felix Fernandez-Pena, Alex Maigua-Quinteros, Pilar Urrutia-Urrutia, Diana Coello-Fiallos, "Ontology-based Data Management Tool for Studying Radon Concentration", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 577–583, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050670
64. Meriyem Chergui, Aziza Chakir, "IT GRC Smart Adviser: Process Driven Architecture Applying an Integrated Framework", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 247–255, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050629
65. Abel García-Villagrán, Patricia Cano-Olivos, José Luis Martínez-Flores, Diana Sánchez-Partida, "The COVID-19 Effect in Mexican SMEs", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 63–71, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050608
66. Fadhillah Moulita Andiani, Faizal Abid, Hendri, Abba Suganda Girsang, "Business Intelligence for Generating Comprehensive Report in Electronic Completion and Handover", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 45–51, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050606
67. Ihsan Mizher Baht, Petre Marian Nicolae, Ileana Diana, Nameer Baht, "Analysis of Green Building Effect on Micro grid Based on Potential Energy Savings and BIM", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 30–35, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050604
68. Saloua Said, Hafida Bouloiz, Maryam Gallab, "Resilience Assessment of System Process Through Fuzzy Logic: Case of COVID-19 Context", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 1247–1260, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj0505150
69. Yonatan López Santos, Diana Sánchez-Partida, Patricia Cano-Olivos, "Strategic Model to Assess the Sustainability and Competitiveness of Focal Agri-Food Smes and their Supply Chains: A Vision Beyond COVID 19", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 1214–1224, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj0505147
70. Shimin Vayal Veetil, Varsha Shah, Makarand Lokhande, "Improvised E-Rickshaws for Indian Roads by Effective Battery-Ultracapacitor Hybridization", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 1162–1171, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj0505141
71. Mohamed Laarabi, Abdelilah Maach, "Understanding Risk Assessment in the Context of Fractional Ownership using Ethereum Smart Contract", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 1028–1035, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj0505126
72. Vijay Yadav, Ujjwal Gewali, Suman Khatri, Shree Ram Rauniyar, Aman Shakya, "Need of E-Recruitment System for Universities: Case of Pulchowk Campus, Nepal", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 902–912, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj0505110
73. Segundo Moisés Toapanta Toapanta, Emmanuel Alejandro Narváez Picon, Luis Enrique Mafla Gallegos, "Prototype for the Management of Engineering Companies and the ICT to Improve the Quality of Services", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 698–708, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050586
74. Vikas Anand Vatul, Arputha Aravinth, Narayanan K, Gulshan Sharma, Tomonobu Senjyu, "A Novel Demand Side Management by Minimizing Cost Deviation", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 262–268, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050532
75. Khalid Chkara, Hamid Seghiouer, "Criteria to Implement a Supervision System in the Petroleum Industry: A Case Study in a Terminal Storage Facility", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 29–38, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050505
76. Sultana Parween, Syed Zeeshan Hussain, "A Review on Cross-Layer Design Approach in WSN by Different Techniques", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 741–754, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050488
77. Santo Fernandi Wijaya, Harjanto Prabowo, Ford Lumban Gaol, Meyliana, "Determination of ERP Readiness Assessment using Agile Parameters: A Case Study", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 733–740, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050487
78. Fadoua Tamtam, Amina Tourabi, "Organizational Agility Assessment of a Moroccan Healthcare Organization in Times of COVID-19", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 567–576, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050467
79. Dmytro Kucherov, Olha Sushchenko, Andrii Kozub, Volodymyr Nakonechnyi, "Assessing the Operator’s Readiness to Perform Tasks of Controlling by the Unmanned Aerial Platforms", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 457–462, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050454
80. Hani AlGhanem, Mohammad Shanaa, Said Salloum, Khaled Shaalan, "The Role of KM in Enhancing AI Algorithms and Systems", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 388–396, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050445
81. Nalluri Prophess Raj Kumar, Josemin Bala Gnanadhas, "Cluster Centroid-Based Energy Efficient Routing Protocol for WSN-Assisted IoT", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 296–313, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050436
82. Chafaa Hamrouni, "Smart Grid Users Benefits Based on DSM Algorithm Mathematical Optimization Problems Studied", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 99–104, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050413
83. Zarate-Zapata, Aldo Cesar, Garzón-Garnica, Eduardo Arturo, Cante-Mota, Román, Olmos-Álvarez, Fernando, Martinez-Flores, José Luis, Sánchez-Partida, Diana, "Warehouse Relocation of a Company in the Automotive Industry Using P-median", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 576–582, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050372
84. Avid Roman-Gonzalez, Natalia Indira Vargas-Cuentas, "Promotion of the Research Activities at the Image Processing Research Laboratory (INTI-Lab) of the UCH as Knowledge Management Strategy", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 563–567, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050370
85. Yulyanty Chandra, Roy Willis, Calvin Windoro, Sfenrianto, "Business Process Design for Widuri Indah School Management System with the Support of Cloud Computing", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 536–539, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050366
86. Ruba Obiedat, "Risk Management: The Case of Intrusion Detection using Data Mining Techniques", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 529–535, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050365
87. Za’aba Bin Abdul Rahim, Giuseppe Timperio, Robert de Souza, Linda William, "Enhancing Decision Making Capabilities in Humanitarian Logistics by Integrating Serious Gaming and Computer Modelling", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 402–410, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050351
88. Erick Fernando, Meyliana, Achmad Nizar Hidayanto, Harjanto Prabowo, "Factors Influencing Social Knowledge Management in Social Society: A Systematic Literature Review", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 198–206, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050326
89. Zuhri Syarifudin, Suharjito, "Mobile Based for Basic English Learning Assessment with Augmented Reality", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 774–780, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050297
90. Isaac Onyeyirichukwu Chukwuma, Benjamin Onoriode Mukoro, Fidelis Odinakachukwu Alaefule, Gertrude Chinelo Ugwuja, Emmanuel Kalu Agbaeze, Ifeanyi Leo Madu, "Legal Regulation as Driver for Sustainable Development of Nigeria’s Solid Mineral Sector", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 769–773, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050296
91. Javier Nieto Cubero, Saheed Adebayo Gbadegeshin, Carolina Consolación Segura, "Commercialization Process of Disruptive Innovations in Corporate Ventures and Spinoff Companies: A Comparison", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 621–634, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050278
92. Charles Buabeng-Andoh, Charles Baah, "Determinants of Students’ Actual use of the Learning Management System (LMS): An Empirical Analysis of a Research Model", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 614–620, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050277
93. Lorenzo Damiani, Roberto Revetria, Emanuele Morra, "Safety in Industry 4.0: The Multi-Purpose Applications of Augmented Reality in Digital Factories", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 248–253, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050232
94. Jorge Castro Bedriñana, Doris Chirinos Peinado, Richard Peñaloza-Fernández, "Lead Bioaccumulation in Root and Aerial Part of Natural and Cultivated Pastures in Highly Contaminated Soils in Central Andes of Peru", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 126–132, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050216
95. Carlotta Patrone, Maryna Mezzano Kozlova, Monica Brenta, Francesca Filauro, Donatella Campanella, Antonietta Ribatti, Elisabetta Scuderi, Tiziana Marini, Gabriele Galli, Roberto Revetria, "Hospital Warehouse Management during the construction of a new building through Lean Techniques", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 256–262, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050132
96. Evaristus Didik Madyatmadja, Evaristus Didik Madyatmadja, Alvi Sasqia Putri, Siti Sabilul Hiqna, Wigna Pratita, "Data Dashboard for Decision Support Systems for Intrapreneurship in A Company", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 177–182, 2019. doi: 10.25046/aj040622
97. Mehdi Guessous, Lahbib Zenkouar, "An ML-optimized dRRM Solution for IEEE 802.11 Enterprise Wlan Networks", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 19–31, 2019. doi: 10.25046/aj040603
98. Allae Erraissi, Abdessamad Belangour, "A Big Data Security Layer Meta-Model Proposition", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 409–418, 2019. doi: 10.25046/aj040553
99. Phoebe Lim Ching, Jose Edgar Mutuc, John Anthony Jose, "Assessment of the Quality and Sustainability Implications of FIFO and LIFO Inventory Policies through System Dynamics", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 69–81, 2019. doi: 10.25046/aj040509
100. Andrea Daly, Dean Richardson, Sean Thorpe, "An Investigative Study on Technology Impact on the Quality of Working Life in a University Healthcare and Pharmacy", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 503–508, 2019. doi: 10.25046/aj040460