1. Introduction

Recent years, power system stability and reliability have been take into account as very important issues in the context of modern power system [1]. Stressed operating conditions and competitive business enjoinments have been showing threats to power engineers for an efficient design and optimal utilization of the electrical utilities. In earlier day’s system stability issue were classified as the problem related with transient stability, but, the small oscillations of magnitude 0.2-2 Hz were not major consideration. To ensure transient stability fast acting Automatic Voltage Regulators (AVRs) were employed with generators. However, later in 1960 Concordia et.al., discovered that these high gain regulators are main culprit for introducing the negative damping in the system [2].

The under damped system has an oscillatory response; hence it inculcates oscillatory instability in the power system. The oscillations of small magnitude are harmful for the stability of a power system. These oscillations can cause system collapse if not handled accurately [3]. To find a potential and cost-effective solution to this issue, initial work on Power System Stabilizer (PSS) was proposed by E. V. Larsen et.al. The AVR and PSS are dynamically interlinked instruments; one increases transient stability and other complement the small signal stability. To augment the system stability, design engineers should keep a bird eye’s view on electromagnetic torque of the generator [4]. It has two elements; synchronizing torque, it is in phase with the variation in angle δ (load angle) and other is damping torque, which is in phase with speed deviation [5].

Design of damping controller for a poorly damped system is a formidable problem for power engineers. The damping controller is not only a potential answer for the oscillatory instability but also provides a good damping over the variety of operating conditions. The design of PSS has an ample significance to ensure the oscillatory stability. The Conventional Power System Stabilizer (CPSS) is a lead lag compensator [6]. For designing the damping controller, a designer has to find an accurate set of parameters (Gain & time constant).Proper tuning of the Lead Lag loop presents an adequate amount of damping to the system which helps the system to overcome with oscillatory instability [7].

Over the last decade many techniques were reported by the scientists to solve the PSS factor estimation problem. Some of these researches introduced techniques, to gain the robust conventional design through optimization, adaptive design with the help of expert systems (Neural Network, Fuzzy and Hybrid system), Linear Matrix Inequalities (LMI), Pole Placement and many others [8].

Recent years the enhancement in the field of damping controller design is revolutionized by the Evolutionary Algorithms. Evolutionary computations came in the picture in early 80’s. Genetic Algorithm (GA), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Biography Based Optimization (BBO), Bacterial Foraging Algorithm (BFA) and many more were proposed. These procedures are mathematical adaption of nature. They use nature rules to find the global optimum answer. PSS parameter estimation is a complex optimization issue [9].

The procedure towards the designing of CPSS contains following steps [10]:

1. Stability of any system depends on its initial operating conditions. In order to obtain the robust design hard operating conditions should be studied.
2. The design of the PSS should be investigated over various types of perturbations, fault locations and dissimilar system configurations. These contingencies help to ensure that design gained from the approach is robust enough [11].
3. Eigen Property analysis should be done to validate the efficacy of the design.

2.       Small Signal Stability

Stability problems have already acquired prominence with every passing day. The need of the hour is to develop a robust system, which is not likely to give up in the wake of blackouts and various contingencies. IEEE/CIGRE Joint Task Force committee introduce the power system stability as follows “Small-disturbance (or small-signal) rotor angle stability is concerned with the ability of the power system to maintain synchronism under small disturbances. The disturbances are considered to be sufficiently small that linearization of system equations is permissible for purposes of analysis” [12].

Power system utilities still prefer the conventional lead-lag power system stabilizer structure.  Since the PSS has engrossed the interest of researchers, extensive research has been conducted in the following fields:

• Effect of PSS on system stability
• PSS tuning methods
• Practical experience in design, installation & operation of PSS.

Figure 1 shows the conventional Delta-Omega PSS. A stabilizer is designed by suitable selection of time constants T_ω, T₁, T₂, T₃, T₄ and stabilizer gain K_STAB. In practical situation, a torsional filter is used for attenuating the stabilizer gain at turbine generator shaft torsional frequencies and may be neglected while designing PSS [13].

Figure 1. Power System Stabilizer transfer function model

Where K_S is Stabilizer gain, T_ω is Washout time constant and T₁, T₂, T₃, T₄ are time constants of the lag lead networks [14].

The problem first encountered in the year 1969 reported by Concordia et al. was negative damping injection by turbine’s speed governor loop. It could be resolved by fitting the generators with a feedback controller. This controller sensed the change in terminal power of the generator and fed it back at the AVR reference input with proper phase lead and magnitude. This generated an additional damping torque on the rotor. Hence this fact advocates the acute requirement of PSS for adequate damping in the modern power networks. Larsen and Swann [15] in 1981discussed the chronological development of damping controllers in their three-part paper. They recommended that the objective of the most appropriate stabilizer tuning criterion is to provide an adequate amount of damping to local mode of oscillations and inter area modes of oscillations. Michael J. Basler et al. [16] discussed power system instability and the importance of fast disturbance clearing performance. Explanation is provided regarding small signal stability, high impedance transmission lines, line loading, and high gain, fast acting excitation systems [17].

3.       The Swarm Intelligent Techniques Algorithm

Swarm intelligence is a research field that models the communal behavior in swarms of insects or animals. Several algorithms ascending from these models have been anticipated to solve an extensive range of complex optimization problems. In this work, comparative study of novel swarm algorithms like Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) will be considered to estimate the parameters of PSS [18].

3.1.  Particle Swarm Optimization

The particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique is a population based optimization technique first proposed by Kennedy and Eberhart in 1995 inspired by social behavior of bird flocking or fish schooling [19]. PSO as an optimization tool provides a population based search procedure in which individuals called particles change their position (state) with time [14]. In a PSO system particles fly around in a multidimensional search space; during their flight, each particle adjusts its position according to its own experience ( ) and according to its neighbor’s experience ( , making use of the best position encountered by itself and its neighbors.

The position of particle in an n dimensional vector can be represented mathematically as [20]:

The modification is made in current position using following equation [21]:

Where  represents the current position of the particle,  represents the modified position of the particle and  is the velocity of each particle [22].

The velocity of each particle is n-dimensional vector given by the following equation:

The velocity of each particle is updated after every iteration according to the following equation:

Where  is the current velocity of the particle,  is the modified velocity of the particle, is the pbest of particle i, is the gbest of particle i, m is the number of members in a particle,  is the weight function for velocity of particle i and  is the weighing coefficients for each particle [23].

The objective function will be taken as fitness function for PSO algorithm. The best position related to the lowest value of the objective function for each particle is given as [24]:

And global best among all particles or best out of all pbest is represented as:

The velocity and position of particles are updated after each iteration [25].

Figure 2. Concept of a searching point by PSO

Where

 is current velocity of particle i at iteration k.

 is modified velocity of particle i.

 is current position of particle i at iteration k.

 is modified position of particle i.

 is velocity based on Pbest.

 is velocity based on Gbest.

Figure 3. Flow Chart of PSO

Figure 3 shows the flow chart for the optimal allocation of PSO procedure [26].

3.2.  Genetic Algorithm

A genetic algorithm (GA) is a search and optimization procedure which acts by mimicking the evolutionary principles and chromosomal processing in natural genetics. A GA begins its search with a random set of solutions usually coded in binary strings. Every solution is assigned a fitness which is directly related to the objective function of the search and optimization issue [27]. Thereafter, the population of solutions is modified to a new population by applying three operators similar to natural genetic operators- reproduction, crossover, and mutation. It works iteratively by successively applying these three operators in each generation till a termination criterion is satisfied. Over the past decade and more, GAs have been successfully applied to a wide range of problems, because of their simplicity, global perspective, and inherent parallel processing [28].

4.       Mathematical Recognition of Objective Functions

To realize the polynomial in various orders MATLAB curve fitting tool is employed. Following are mathematical expressions associated with the objective functions [29].

5.       Simulation Outcomes and Discussion

Table 1 shows the Eigen characteristic analysis of New England System with and without PSS [30].

It is observed that when PSS is not installed with generators, system shows poor damping. Some of the poorly damped types (swing modes) are shown in the following table. The real part of the Eigen value is positive.

Although the damping controller designed through evolutionary algorithms is quite robust and proved effective in all operating contingencies yet to show the efficacy of the proposed controller extreme conditions are chosen. The performance of the controller is exhibited in terms of hard situations. For this reason, here three phase disturbances are verified and speed responses of those generators are shown which are near by the disturbance locations [31].

Figure 4. Speed Deviation Curve of Generator 8 for disturbance at line 2-25

It can be observed from the responses of various generators that PSS tuned through GA gives less dynamic response as compared with PSO tuned PSS. Figures 5 to 8 are the speed deviation curves of various generators under dissimilar perturbations and disturbance locations [32].

Figure 5. Speed Deviation Curve of Generator 10 for disturbance at line 2-25

Figure 6. Speed Deviation Curve of Generator 2 for disturbance at line 4-14

Figure 7. Speed Deviation Curve of Generator 3 for disturbance at line 4-14

Figure 8. Speed Deviation Curve of Generator 7 for disturbance at line 16-24

Table 1. Eigen Values and Damping Ratios With and Without PSS

The factors of all 10 PSSs gained from solving optimization issue using PSO is shown in Table 2. The convergence characteristics of various optimization methods for variation of objective function and iteration is shown in Figure 8 [33].

Table 2. PSS factor for 10 Machine 39 Bus Using PSO [34-38]

6.       Conclusion

In this article endeavor is made to implement GA and PSO for finding the optimal parameters of Power System Stabilizer (PSS) for New England Power system. From this revision following points can be accomplished:

4. Flourishing realization of conventional speed based objective functions in four dissimilar polynomials is presented in section 4. The qualified analysis of these realizations is shown with the help of dynamic responses of speed deviation curves of the generators. It is observed that linear combination of linear, quadratic and cubic polynomial gives the finest response.
5. The consequential comparison of application of two optimization methods namely GA and PSO algorithm in PSS design problem.

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36. Giuseppe Spampinato, Arcangelo Ranieri Bruna, Ivana Guarneri, Davide Giacalone, "Neural Network for 2D Range Scanner Navigation System", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 348–355, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060539
37. Marko Suvajdzic, Dragana Stojanovic, "Discover DaVinci: Blockchain, Art and New Ways of Digital Learning", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 273–278, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060530
38. Hsuan-Yu Kuo, Jau-Jr Lin, "Development of Miniaturized Monolithic Isolated Gate Driver", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 177–184, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060520
39. Ibnu Daqiqil Id, Masanobu Abe, Sunao Hara, "Acoustic Scene Classifier Based on Gaussian Mixture Model in the Concept Drift Situation", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 167–176, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060519
40. Christoph Rüeger, Jean Dobrowolski, Petr Korba, Felix Rafael Segundo Sevilla, "Analysis of Grid Events Influenced by Different Levels of Renewable Integration on Extra-large Power Systems", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 43–52, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060506
41. Randy Kuang, Dafu Lou, Alex He, Alexandre Conlon, "Quantum Secure Lightweight Cryptography with Quantum Permutation Pad", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 401–405, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060445
42. Malak Amro, Stephanny VicunaPolo, Rashid Jayousi, Radwan Qasrawi, "Personalized Serious Games for Improving Attention Skills among Palestinian Adolescents", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 368–375, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060441
43. Nahed Hosny Wahba, Wessameldin Salah Abdelaziz, Tharwat Mahmoud Alshirbeni, "Theoretical study for Laser Lines in Carbon like Zn (XXV)", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 334–340, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060437
44. Márcio Mendonça, Rodrigo Henrique Cunha Palácios, Ivan Rossato Chrun, Diene Eire de Mello, Henrique Cavalieri Agonilha, Elpiniki Papageorgiou, Konstantinos Papageorgiou, "Initial Experiments using Game-based Learning Applied in a Classical Knowledge Robotics in In-Person and Distance Learning Classroom", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 212–222, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060425
45. Wilawan Inchamnan, Jiraporn Chomsuan, "The Gamification Design for Affordances Pedagogy", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 138–146, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060416
46. Hathairat Ketmaneechairat, Maleerat Maliyaem, Chalermpong Intarat, "Kamphaeng Saen Beef Cattle Identification Approach using Muzzle Print Image", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 110–122, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060413
47. Massimo Donelli, Giuseppe Espa, Mohammedhusen Manekiya, Giada Marchi, Claudio Pascucci, "A Reconfigurable Stepped Frequency Continuous Wave Radar Prototype for Smuggling Contrast, Preliminary Assessment", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 13–20, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060402
48. Dimitris Ziouzios, Pavlos Kilintzis, Nikolaos Baras, Minas Dasygenis, "A Survey of FPGA Robotics Applications in the Period 2010 – 2019", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 385–408, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060344
49. Abderrahmane Ouddasser, Anass Mellouki, Yassine Belyagou, Kamal Yazzif, "The health Sector Between Innovation and Organizational Performance: Applied Research in Moroccan Hospitals", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 277–285, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060331
50. Adewoyin Olusegun Oladotun, Omeje Maxwell, Joel Emmanuel Sunday, Mojisola Rachael Usikalu, Zaidi Embong, Alam Saeed, "Evaluation of Radiological Health Risk Associated with Indian Tiles Available in Nigerian Markets", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 271–276, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060330
51. Andrej Novák, Martin Bugaj, Alena Novák Sedláčková, Branislav Kandera, Anna Stelmach, Tomasz Lusiak, "Use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in Aircraft Inspection", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 182–188, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060321
52. Amal Khalifa, "Hiding Information in DNA Sequence Data using Open Reading Frame Guided Splicing", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 164–171, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060319
53. Julies David Bryan, Tranos Zuva, "A Review on TAM and TOE Framework Progression and How These Models Integrate", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 137–145, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060316
54. Bonginkosi Thango, Jacobus Jordaan, Agha Nnachi, "Peculiar Stray Gassing Occurrences in Solar Photovoltaic Transformers during Service", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 131–136, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060315
55. Khaoula Naouaoui, Toufik Cherradi, "Mechanical Characterization of Recycled Aggregates Concrete Based on its Compressive Strength", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 35–39, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060305
56. Svetlana Segarceanu, George Suciu, Inge Gavăt, "Environmental Acoustics Modelling Techniques for Forest Monitoring", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 15–26, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060303
57. Kohki Nakane, Rentaro Ono, Hiroki Takada, "Numerical Analysis for Feature Extraction and Evaluation of 3D Sickness", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 949–955, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj0602108
58. Susanto Kumar Ghosh, Mohammad Rafiqul Islam, "Convolutional Neural Network Based on HOG Feature for Bird Species Detection and Classification", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 733–745, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060285
59. Yu-Chun Huang, "Analyze Performance of Enterprise Supervision System by Game Theory-Take the case of Tatung Management Rights Competition as Example", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 689–693, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060279
60. Marion Olubunmi Adebiyi, Oludayo Olufolorunsho Olugbara, "Homology Modeling of CYP6Z3 Protein of Anopheles Mosquito", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 580–585, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060266
61. Ayoade F. Agbetuyi, Owolabi Bango, Ademola Abdulkareem, Ayokunle Awelewa, Tobiloba Somefun, Akinola Olubunmi, Agbetuyi Oluranti, "Investigation of the Impact of Distributed Generation on Power System Protection", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 324–331, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060237
62. Sebastianus Bara Primananda, Sani Muhamad Isa, "Forecasting Gold Price in Rupiah using Multivariate Analysis with LSTM and GRU Neural Networks", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 245–253, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060227
63. Mohab Gaber, Sayed El-Banna, Mahmoud El-Dabah, Mostafa Hamad, "Designing and Implementation of an Intelligent Energy Management System for Electric Ship power system based on Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS)", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 195–203, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060223
64. Dejun Chen, Congcong Xiong, Li Guo, Ming Zhong, "A Hybrid NMF-AttLSTM Method for Short-term Traffic Flow Prediction", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 175–184, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060220
65. Abdelaziz Lberni, Malika Alami Marktani, Abdelaziz Ahaitouf, Ali Ahaitouf, "Multi-Objective Design of Current Conveyor using Optimization Algorithms", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 154–160, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060218
66. Yousra Karim, Abdelghani Cherkaoui, "Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process and Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation Method Applied to Assess and Improve Human and Organizational Factors Maturity in Mining Industry", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 75–84, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060210
67. Manar Saleh Alshatwi, Huda Abdulrahman Alburaih, Shahad Salem Alghamdi, Danah Abdullah Alfadhil, Joud Awadh Alshehri, Farah Abdullah Aljamaan, "Iron-doped Nickel Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesis and Analyzing Different Properties", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 1422–1426, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj0601161
68. Nghiem Van Tinh, Nguyen Cong Dieu, Nguyen Tien Duy, Tran Thi Thanh, "Improved Fuzzy Time Series Forecasting Model Based on Optimal Lengths of Intervals Using Hedge Algebras and Particle Swarm Optimization", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 1286–1297, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj0601147
69. Nasr Rashid, Khaled Kaaniche, "SIFT Implementation based on LEON3 Processor", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 1257–1263, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj0601143
70. Dmytro Kucherov, Andrei Berezkin, Volodymyr Nakonechnyi, Olha Sushchenko, Ihor Ogirko, Olha Ogirko, Ruslan Skrynkovskyy, "Investigation of the LoRa Transceiver in Conditions of Multipath Propagation of Radio Signals", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 1106–1111, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj0601123
71. Saruntorn Mongkolchaichana, Busaba Phruksaphanrat, "Prioritization of Sustainable Supply Chain Management Practices in an Automotive Elastomer Manufacturer in Thailand", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 1079–1090, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj0601120
72. Hajar Bouazza, Aarti Bansal, Mohsine Bouya, Azeddine Wahbi, Antonio Lazaro, Abdelkader Hadjoudja, "Modeling and Design of a Compact Metal Mountable Dual-band UHF RFID Tag Antenna with Open Bent Stub Feed for Transport and Logistics Fields", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 1065–1071, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj0601118
73. Abdulla Alsharhan, Said Salloum, Khaled Shaalan, "The Impact of eLearning as a Knowledge Management Tool in Organizational Performance", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 928–936, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj0601102
74. Subash Pokharel, Aleksandar Dimitrovski, "Ferromagnetic Core Reactor Modeling and Design Optimization", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 810–818, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060190
75. Walvies Mc. Alcos, Mirador G. Labrador, "A Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) and Water Quality Monitoring: A System for Detecting Harmful Algal Bloom", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 770–775, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060185
76. Khaoula Naouaoui, Azzeddine Bouyahyaoui, Toufik Cherradi, "Durability of Recycled Aggregate Concrete", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 735–741, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060180
77. Yusuke Nosaka, Miho Shinohara, Kosuke Nomura, Takuya Sarugaku, Mitsuho Yamada, "Analysis of Gaze Time Spent at the Gazing Point that is Required During Reading", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 726–734, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060179
78. Marion Olubunmi Adebiyi, Oludayo Olufolorunsho Olugbara, "Eliminating Target Anopheles Proteins to Non-Target Organisms based on Posterior Probability Algorithm", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 710–718, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060177
79. Ademola Abdulkareem, Divine Ogbe, Tobiloba Somefun, Felix Agbetuyi, "Optimal PMU Placement Using Genetic Algorithm for 330kV 52-Bus Nigerian Network", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 597–604, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060164
80. Eko Subiyantoro, Ahmad Ashari, Suprapto, "Learning Path Recommendation using Hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 570–576, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060161
81. Amin S. Ibrahim, Khaled Y Youssef, Mohamed Abouelatta, "Traffic Aggregation Techniques for Optimizing IoT Networks", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 509–518, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060156
82. Arman Mirmanov, Aidar Alimbayev, Sanat Baiguanysh, Nabi Nabiev, Askar Sharipov, Azamat Kokcholokov, Diego Caratelli, "Development of an IoT Platform for Stress-Free Monitoring of Cattle Productivity in Precision Animal Husbandry", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 501–508, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060155
83. Diena Rauda Ramdania, Dian Sa’adillah Maylawati, Yana Aditia Gerhana, Novian Anggis Suwastika, Muhammad Ali Ramdhani, "Octalysis Audit to Analyze gamification on Kahoot!", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 457–463, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060149
84. Lixin Wang, Jianhua Yang, Sean Gill, Xiaohua Xu, "Data Aggregation, Gathering and Gossiping in Duty-Cycled Multihop Wireless Sensor Networks subject to Physical Interference", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 369–377, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060142
85. Imane Jebli, Fatima-Zahra Belouadha, Mohammed Issam Kabbaj, Amine Tilioua, "Deep Learning based Models for Solar Energy Prediction", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 349–355, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060140
86. Abdurazaq Elbaz, Muhammet Tahir Güneşer, "Optimal Sizing of a Renewable Energy Hybrid System in Libya Using Integrated Crow and Particle Swarm Algorithms", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 264–268, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060130
87. Thinh Dang Cong, Toi Le Thanh, Hao Mai Tri, Phuc Ton That Bao, Trang Hoang, "Applications of TCAD Simulation Software for Fabrication and study of Process Variation Effects on Threshold Voltage in 180nm Floating-Gate Device", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 146–152, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060116
88. Devika K N, Ramesh Bhakthavatchalu, "Modified Blockchain based Hardware Paradigm for Data Provenance in Academia", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 66–77, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060108
89. Hasan Tariq, Abderrazak Abdaoui, Farid Touati, Mohammad Abdullah Al Hitmi, Damiano Crescini, Adel Ben Mnaouer, "Real-time Gradient-Aware Indigenous AQI Estimation IoT Platform", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 1666–1673, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj0506198
90. Valeriy Hlukhov, "FPGA-Based Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Digital Quantum Coprocessors", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 1643–1650, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj0506195
91. Nesma N. Gomaa, Khaled Y. Youssef, Mohamed Abouelatta, "On Design of IoT-based Power Quality Oriented Grids for Industrial Sector", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 1634–1642, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj0506194
92. Tedi Priatna, Dian Sa’adillah Maylawati, Hamdan Sugilar, Muhammad Ali Ramdhani, "Social Engineering to Establish Digital Culture in Higher Education", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 1474–1479, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj0506177
93. El hadji Mbaye Ndiaye, Mactar Faye, Alphousseyni Ndiaye, "Comparative Study Between Three Methods for Optimizing the Power Produced from Photovoltaic Generator", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 1458–1465, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj0506175
94. Ntawuhorakomeye Noel, Ndayiragije Leonidas, Belov Mikhail Petrovich, "Improved Design and Recommendations for Street Lighting in Gitega City", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 1356–1365, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj0506163
95. Mahadev Sarkar, Gaurav Anand, Sivakumar Ramadoss, "Wideband Active Switch for Electronic Warfare System Applications", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 1312–1321, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj0506156
96. Marcin Kuropatwi´nski, Leonard Sikorski, "Empirical Probability Distributions with Unknown Number of Components", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 1293–1305, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj0506154
97. Clara Silveira, Leonilde Reis, Vitor Santos, Henrique S. Mamede, "Creativity in Prototypes Design and Sustainability – The case of Social Organizations", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 1237–1243, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj0506147
98. Berrid Nabyl, Lougraimzi Hanane, El-Khabbazi Houda, Abidli Zakaria, Hamidi Otman, Keltoum Rahali, El Mahjoub Aouane, "Evaluation of the Physico-Chemical Properties of Soil and Apple Leaves (Malus Domestica) in Beni Mellal-Khenifra Region, Morocco", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 1103–1108, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj0506134
99. Ademola Abdulkareem, Divine Ogbe, Tobiloba Somefun, "Review of Different Methods for Optimal Placement of Phasor Measurement Unit on the Power System Network", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 1071–1081, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj0506130
100. Rewan Kumar Dahal, Ganesh Bhattarai, Dipendra Karki, "Determinants of Technological and Innovation Performance of the Nepalese Cellular Telecommunications Industry from the Customers’ Perspective", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 1013–1020, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj0506122