1. Introduction

Evaporation is one of major components of the hydrologic cycle and it describes the loss of water from water bodies to the air over a long period to elucidate its relationship with annual precipitation. Estimation of evaporation rate is important in the study of hydrology, climate, agricultural water system, design and operation of irrigation systems. Many methods for estimation of evaporation losses from free water surfaces were reported and it can be divided into several categories including: (Empirical Methods, Water Budget Methods, Energy Budget Methods  ,Mass-Transfer Methods and Combination Methods) [1]. Accurate and reliable measurement of evaporation for a long term has been investigated by researchers. In deceit, an observation from Class A Pan evaporimeter and contemporary correlation techniques were used, in indirect methods, the evaporation is estimated from other meteorological variables like temperature, wind speed, relative humidity and solar radiation.

Recently, the advanced soft computing techniques have been successfully applied for modeling  of hydrological data due to their ability to learn complex and non-linear relations .

In their study [2], the evaporation from Batu Dam Reservoir which is located at the Selangor state, Malaysia was estimated using artificial neural networks (ANN) and climate based models (Penman and Priestley-Taylor). The models output display that ANN-4 model was the best with the coefficient of efficiency (E) of 90%.

In [3], they studied, daily evaporation prediction were prepared by Penman equation, Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm based on “Feed Forward Back Propagation Artificial Neural Networks (LMANN)”, radial basis neural networks (RBNN), generalized regression neural networks (GRNN). noticed that the results of neural network models were statistically more meaningful than the Penman equation.

At their investigation  (ANN), Least Squares – Support Vector Regression (LS-SVR), Fuzzy Logic, and Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) techniques improve the accuracy of daily pan evaporation estimation in sub-tropical climates [4]. Meteorological data from the Karso watershed in India (consisting of 3801 daily records from the year 2000 to 2010) were used. Based on the comparison, it was found that the Fuzzy Logic and LS-SVR approaches can be employed successfully in modeling the daily evaporation process from the available climatic data.

In [5] the authors used the response surface method (RSM) to extend estimation of monthly pan evaporations using high-order response surface (HORS) function. A HORS function was proposed to improve the accurate predictions with various climatic data, from two stations, Antalya and Mersin, in Mediterranean Region of Turkey. The HORS predictions were compared to artificial neural networks (ANN), neuro-fuzzy (ANFIS) and fuzzy genetic (FG) methods in these stations. Comparison results indicated that HORS models performed slightly better than FG, ANN and ANFIS models.

In [6], the authors investigate the abilities of six different soft computing methods, Multi-layer perceptron (MLP), generalized regression neural network (GRNN), fuzzy genetic (FG), least square support vector machine (LSSVM), multivariate adaptive regression spline (MARS), adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems with grid partition (ANFIS-GP), and two regression methods, multiple linear regression (MLR) and Stephens and Stewart model (SS) in predicting monthly Ep. Long-term climatic data at eight stations in different climates, during 1961-2000 were used . The accuracies of above models ranked as: MLP, GRNN, LSSVM, FG, ANFIS-GP, MARS and MLR. Generalized models were also developed and tested with data of eight stations.

The situation in Libya is typical of semi-arid climate, with average annual rainfall of less than (100 mm )and average annual evaporation is estimated to be (2500 mm )which is much higher than the rainfall [7]. This highlights the seriousness of water losses problem from open water bodies. In the Great-Man-Made-River-Project there are many of this type of open reservoirs, such as the Omar Muktar Open Reservoir.  Over 20% of the total Omar Muktar Open Reservoir’s water storage capacity, (4.7Mm³), is lost due to the evaporation phenomena.

Thus, the objectives of this study are to assess the estimates of the evaporation using three techniques  against observed evaporation values for Omar Mukhtar Reservoir which is located in semi -arid region. Investigation of the capability and usability of three  different soft computing methods,  artificial neural networks (ANN), Multiple linear regression (MLR) and response surface methods (RSM) in modeling of the monthly evaporation(Evp.)  for Omar Mukhtar open Reservoir. The meteorological data used to estimate the evaporation was acquired from the meteorological observatory included : average air temperature (Temp. C⁰), relative humidity (Rh.%), atmospheric pressure (Pa. Pas), wind speed (Ws. Knot), sunshine hours (sh. hr), rainfall (Rf. mm) . The evaporation from the pan was multiplied by a factor of (0.73) to get the actual evaporation. Eight years of monthly evaporation recorded from 2001 to 2009 (108 value) were used to in this study. The model performances was compared and discussed through: estimating ( Evp.) of each month  using ANN, MLR, and RSM models. This will be the first study to compare the accuracy of multiple soft computing models (Evp.) estimation for open reservoir (Omar El Mukhtar) at semi-arid climates.

2. Materials And Methodology

1.1.  Study Area:

Omar El Mukhtar tank is located at a distance of (45 Km) from the south-east of the city of Benghazi. Create reservoir in the form of free rock fill dam circular shape up (9 m) and a length of (3.2 km) circumference; diameter up to (960 m) from the top as rise in the bottom of the tank from the surface level Sea about    ( 55 m)  and the maximum level of the run up to (63.5 m) from the surface level Sea, so that a total capacity of (4.7 Mm³) of water, and spacessurface of the reservoir is approximately (750,000 m²) see Figure 1and 2. construct the reservoir layer clay sealing parasitic in nature, and to prevent leakage of water through the  rock fill dam was a protective membrane.

1.2.  Study Methodology:

MLR is a technique utilized to model the linear relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. The dependent variable is sometimes additionally called the predictor. MLR is depended on least squares methods . The model is fit such that the sum of squares of differences of estimated and observed values is minimized. MLR probably the most widely used method in hydrology and climatology for developing models to reconstruct or analysis the long-term variations of climatic factors.

MINITAB software programing omits all observations that contain missing values in the response or in the predictors, from calculations of the regression equation and the ANOVA table items. By default, a y-intercept term is included in equation. Thus, MINITAB fits the model However, if the response at x = 0 is naturally zero, a model without an intercept can make sense. If so, choose to not fit an intercept, and the ß₀ term will be omitted. Equation 1 provide the general formula for MLR:

Response surface methodology (RSM) consists of a set of statistical methods that can be used to develop, improve, or optimize products. RSM typically is used in situations where several factors influence one or more performance characteristics, or responses. There are three general steps that comprise  (RSM): experiment design, modeling, and optimization.  Choosing the design correctly will ensure that the response surface is fit in the most efficient manner. MINITAB provides central composite and Box-Behnken designs see Figure 3 .

The empirical models were fit to the data, and polynomial models (linear or quadratic) typically were used. The Equation illustrates the general case of the full quadratic model for k =3 as an example for independent variables see Equation .2:

In this equation, the ten coefficients are represented by the b_k and e is a random error term representing the combined effects of variables not included in the model. The interaction terms (x_ix_j) and the quadratic terms (x_i²) account for curvature in the response surface [8].

Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) , are a form of computing inspired by the functioning of the brain and nervous system, and discussed in detail in a number of hydrologic papers [9]. The feed forward ANN has been adopted in many hydrological modeling studies because of its applicability to a variety of different problems [4]. Noted that more than one hidden layer may require in feed forward networks because a three-layer network can generate arbitrarily complex decision regions. Also, the appropriate input vector to the ANN model can be identified according to the procedure of the modeler. Back propagation is the most popular algorithm used for the training of the feed forward ANN.  An objective function that considers both the ANN’s structure and error, minimizes a linear combination of the resulting ANN’s squared errors, weights, and biases in order to develop a less complex model at the end of training the resulting network has good generalization qualities.

The Levenberg–Marquardt (LM) training algorithm is a trust region based method with a hyper-spherical trust region [9]. This algorithm was implemented in this study using the Neural Network Toolbox of MATLAB, an example of Developed Structure of ANN with input combination  as in Figure 4.

1.3.  Comparative Statistics

In this study, several statistical parameters were used to evaluate the performance of predicted models, which were given by the following relations [9]:

A better fit, with zero indicating MAPE%  and high value of E a perfect prediction.  Efficiency factor (E = 0 to 1) is calculated on the basis of the relationship between the predicted and observed mean deviations and it can show the correlation between the predicted and observed data. E  is better suited to evaluate model goodness-of-fit than the R² ( the square root of the correlation coefficient between the predicted and observed value). The probability of procedure produces an interval that contains the actual true parameter value is known as the Confidence Level and is generally chosen to be 95CI%. So the model if have a good performance well produce a results within the range of 95CI% of the mean observed evaporation data. The models are used to generate evaporation data which conserve the main  statistical characteristics of the historical data. This is verified through comparing values of mean, of generated evaporation data with those of historical data .

4.       Predicting Monthly Evaporations of Omar Muktar Open Reservoir:

In this study, monthly climatic data at Omar Muktar Open Reservoir (is in the zone of semi-arid climate) were used for developing and testing Evp. models. Figure 5 shows the  histogram distribution of the evaporation data with the basic statistical information details. The data used in this research cover 8 years (2001-2009) of monthly records of average air temperature (Temp. c0) , relative humidity (Rh.%), atmospheric pressure (Pa. pas), wind speed (Ws. knot), sunshine hours (sh. hr), rainfall (Rf. mm) pan evaporation (Evp.mm³). Figures 6,7,8, and 9 showing the variation of the evaporation to the climatic parameter using in this study . Table 1  showed the monthly of mean, standard deviation, minimum and maximum values of climatic parameters, respectively.

Table 1. The Statistical Data Information

StDev, denote the standard deviation.

80% of the whole data was chosen for training the Evp. models and the remaining data used for testing the models. Multiple liner regression (MLR) was employed by MINITAB (Ver.16) software package to develop the (MLR) pan evaporation models. The performance including both the accuracy and agreement of the MLR  methods were evaluated through different input combinations see Table 3. The comparative statistics i.e, MAPE, 95%, and E, used to illustrate the performance of proposed MLR functions and the best performance was compared with the RSM, and ANN models. Is clear from the Table 3 that the models with full weather inputs have the best accuracy.

Table 3. Error statistics for  input combinations using MLR model in test and validation stage.

A response surface (RSM) function was proposed with simple formulation to estimate the pan evaporations using climatic input variables. The RSM function was extended on order of polynomial functions based on input variables more than two. In this approach, the polynomial functions were simply and directly calibrated based on the observed climatic data and relative of evaporation data for each input  combination.  RSM models  were compared with each other based on input variables combination see Table 4. These result revealed that the RMS models were much simpler and could successfully use in estimating monthly pan evaporations. The full input RSM models provided results close to observed  pan evaporation based on E, MAPE%, 9%CI, see Figure 8 .

Table 4. Error statistics for  input combinations using RSM model in test and validation stage.

The ANN models were trained using Bayesian Regularization  (BR) and Levenberg–Marquardt (LM) algorithms. In ANN models the number of neurons in the hidden layer were found by a trial and error procedure. The activation functions used for the hidden and output layers were the ‘logsig’ and ‘purelin’ functions, respectively. Table 5 showing the structure of ANN models according to the input combination, moreover the models were improved by the accuracy with respect to MAPE%,E,CI 95%.  ANN(6,10,1) model indicates model having 6, 10 and 1 for the input, hidden and output, respectively and the data divided in to (86 values for model training,5 values for model validation,5 values for model testing ). Over all ANN showing best prediction for all input combination in both test and validation periods. Figure 10 showing the comparison between the predicted and observed evaporation data.

The best architecture was obtained for ANN evaporation model (ANN 6-10-1) has been selected based on minimum value of MSE and maximum value of E. The output from the best selected architecture for the ANN-6 model was validated using the testing data set (2008 to 2009). The objective of the validation process is to investigate the ability of the model to work with an independent data series that have not been used in training of the evaporation model.

In this study, models with different local input combinations were compared with each other in estimating Evp for (2001-2009). The results showed that the models with more inputs generally have better accuracies.

The ANN model performed superior to the other models in predicting monthly Evp at most inputs used, with respect to MAPE%, E and 95CI %. ANN  methods provide the best estimations, and can be used successfully also RSM . These two new methods provide a promising new approach for evaporation estimation in semi-arid climates. The best performance results obtained presented at Table 6 also figures 10,11,12and 13.

Table 5. Error statistics for  input combinations using ANN models in test and validation stage.

Table 6. Error statistics for  best performance of ANNs, MLR and RSM models in test and validation stage.

Noted that, Some of unusual observation evaporation value, all models yelled a results lower than it, also closed together, that mean there was a problem when measured these value see Figure 13 highlighted by red circle ( 2003, 2004, 2007 ).

4. Conclusion

This study investigated and compared the abilities of three different soft computing techniques, MLR, RSM, and ANN in

modeling Evp. using different climatic input combinations of       (average Temp, Rh, Sh, Ws , Pa and Rf). The climatic data obtained from Omar Muktar Open Reservoir (zone of semi-arid climate) were used for training and testing Evp. models. The models with different local input combinations were compared with each other in estimating monthly Evp. The results showed that the models with more inputs generally have better accuracies and the ANN model performed superior to the other models in predicting monthly Evp with high E=0.86 and lowest MAPE=13.9% and have predicted mean within the range of observed 95CI%, also, the RSM model performed good . In summary, it was revealed in this study that the ANN and RSM models were appropriate for predicting monthly Evp using climatic inputs in semi-arid climate. The present applications can be practically adopted in the field of water resources management for accurately mapping regional distributions of evaporation and related water resource open storages.

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36. Akram Ajouli, "SEA: An UML Profile for Software Evolution Analysis in Design Phase", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 1334–1342, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj0601153
37. Natalia Indira Vargas-Cuentas, Avid Roman-Gonzalez, "Analysis of the Bolivian Universities Scientific Production", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 1222–1228, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj0601139
38. Laurent Nana, François Monin, Sophie Gire, "Formal Proof of Properties of a Syntax-Oriented Editor of Robotic Missions Plans", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 1049–1057, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj0601116
39. Carlos Juventino Ruiz Montoya, José Luis Martínez Flores, "Contingency Plan in the Supply Chain of Companies in the Retail Industry in the Face of the Impacts of COVID-19", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 819–832, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060191
40. Sana Elhidaoui, Khalid Benhida, Said Elfezazi, Yassine Azougagh, Abdellatif Benabdelhafid, "Model of Fish Cannery Supply Chain Integrating Environmental Constraints (AHP and TOPSIS)", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 798–809, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060189
41. Santo Fernandi Wijaya, Harjanto Prabowo, Ford Lumban Gaol, Meyliana, "Enterprise Resource Planning Readiness Assessment for Determining the Maturity Level of ERP Implementation in the Industry in Indonesia", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 538–549, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060159
42. Eugeny Smirnov, Svetlana Dvoryatkina, Sergey Shcherbatykh, "Technological Stages of Schwartz Cylinder’s Computer and Mathematics Design using Intelligent System Support", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 447–456, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060148
43. Thinh Dang Cong, Toi Le Thanh, Hao Mai Tri, Phuc Ton That Bao, Trang Hoang, "Applications of TCAD Simulation Software for Fabrication and study of Process Variation Effects on Threshold Voltage in 180nm Floating-Gate Device", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 146–152, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060116
44. Mahmut Demirtas, Kerem C ̧ agdas ̧ Durmus ̧, Gülçín Tanıs ̧, Caner Arslan, Metin Balcı, "Downlink Indoor Coverage Performance of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle LTE Base Stations", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 128–133, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060114
45. Eva Rolia, Dwita Sutjiningsih, Yasman, Titin Siswantining, "Modeling Watershed Health Assessment for Five Watersheds in Lampung Province, Indonesia", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 99–111, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060111
46. Nicolò Speciale, Rossella Brunetti, Massimo Rudan, "Solution of the Semiconductor-Device Equations by the Numerov Process", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 1414–1421, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj0506171
47. Aaron Don M. Africa, Emmanuel T. Trinidad, Lawrence Materum, "Projection of Wireless Multipath Clusters Using Multi-Dimensional Visualization Techniques", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 1064–1070, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj0506129
48. Gehad Ali Alsayed, Zahraa Ismail, Sameh O. Abdellatif, "Investigating the Optical Behavior of Single/Multi-Dimensional Photonic Crystal Structures for Photovoltaic Applications", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 951–958, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj0506113
49. Hnin Thu Zar Aye, Win Pa Pa, "Dependency Head Annotation for Myanmar Dependency Treebank", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 788–800, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050694
50. Yohei Yamauchi, Mitsuyuki Saito, "Adaptive Identification Method of Vehicle Model for Autonomous Driving Robust to Environmental Disturbances", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 710–717, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050685
51. Jenjira Sukmanee, Ramil Kesvarakul, Nattawut Janthong, "Network Modeling with ANP to Determine the Appropriate Area for the Development of Dry Port in Thailand", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 676–683, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050681
52. Selene Tamayo Castro, Kristian Aldapa Salcido, Linda García Rodríguez, "Proposal of a New Descriptive-Correlational Model of Population Lifestyle Analysis and Disease Diagnosis", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 555–560, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050667
53. Jojo Blanza, Lawrence Materum, "Interface for Visualization of Wireless Propagation Multipath Clustering Outcomes", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 544–549, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050665
54. Jojo Blanza, Lawrence Materum, "Variation Between DDC and SCAMSMA for Clustering of Wireless MultipathWaves in Indoor and Semi-Urban Channel Scenarios", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 538–543, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050664
55. Alexander Raikov, "Accelerating Decision-Making in Transport Emergency with Artificial Intelligence", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 520–530, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050662
56. Miroslav Kratky, Vaclav Minarik, Michal Sustr, Jan Ivan, "Electronic Warfare Methods Combatting UAVs", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 447–454, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050653
57. Ravi Sekhar, Tejinder Paul Singh, Pritesh Shah, "Complex Order PI\(^{\alpha + j\beta} \)D\(^{\gamma+j\theta}\) Design for Surface Roughness Control in Machining CNT Al-Mg Hybrid Composites", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 299–306, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050636
58. Sergiy Kostrikov, Rostyslav Pudlo, Dmytro Bubnov, Vladimir Vasiliev, Yury Fedyay, "Automated Extraction of Heavyweight and Lightweight Models of Urban Features from LiDAR Point Clouds by Specialized Web-Software", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 72–95, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050609
59. Saloua Said, Hafida Bouloiz, Maryam Gallab, "Resilience Assessment of System Process Through Fuzzy Logic: Case of COVID-19 Context", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 1247–1260, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj0505150
60. Yonatan López Santos, Diana Sánchez-Partida, Patricia Cano-Olivos, "Strategic Model to Assess the Sustainability and Competitiveness of Focal Agri-Food Smes and their Supply Chains: A Vision Beyond COVID 19", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 1214–1224, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj0505147
61. Hasn Mahmood Khudair, Taif Alawsi, Anwaar A. Aldergazly, A. H. Majeed, "Design and Implementation of Aerial Vehicle Remote Sensing and Surveillance System, Dehazing Technique Using Modified Dark Channel Prior", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 1111–1117, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj0505135
62. Mohamed Laarabi, Abdelilah Maach, "Understanding Risk Assessment in the Context of Fractional Ownership using Ethereum Smart Contract", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 1028–1035, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj0505126
63. Gene Patrick Rible, Nicolette Ann Arriola, Manuel Ramos Jr., "Modeling and Implementation of Quadcopter Autonomous Flight Based on Alternative Methods to Determine Propeller Parameters", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 727–741, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050589
64. Abdelghani Lakhdar, Aziz Moumen, Laidi Zahiri, Mustapha Jammoukh, Khalifa Mansouri, "Experimental and Numerical Study of the Mechanical Behavior of Bio-Loaded PVC Subjected to Aging", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 607–612, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050574
65. Kerin Augustin, Natasia, Ditdit Nugeraha Utama, "Butterfly Life Cycle Algorithm for Measuring Company’s Growth Performance Based on BSC and SWOT Perspectives", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 554–558, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050568
66. Raúl Jiménez-Gutiérrez, Diana Sánchez-Partida, José-Luis Martínez-Flores, Eduardo-Arturo Garzón-Garnica, "Simulated Annealing for Traveling Salesman Problem with Hotel Selection for a Distribution Company Based in Mexico", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 500–505, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050562
67. Santo Fernandi Wijaya, Harjanto Prabowo, Ford Lumban Gaol, Meyliana, "Determination of ERP Readiness Assessment using Agile Parameters: A Case Study", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 733–740, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050487
68. Fadoua Tamtam, Amina Tourabi, "Organizational Agility Assessment of a Moroccan Healthcare Organization in Times of COVID-19", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 567–576, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050467
69. Marco Bindi, Igor Aizenberg, Riccardo Belardi, Francesco Grasso, Antonio Luchetta, Stefano Manetti, Maria Cristina Piccirilli, "Neural Network-Based Fault Diagnosis of Joints in High Voltage Electrical Lines", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 488–498, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050458
70. Dmytro Kucherov, Olha Sushchenko, Andrii Kozub, Volodymyr Nakonechnyi, "Assessing the Operator’s Readiness to Perform Tasks of Controlling by the Unmanned Aerial Platforms", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 457–462, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050454
71. Nittaya Kerdprasop, Kittisak Kerdprasop, Paradee Chuaybamroong, "Computational Intelligence and Statistical Learning Performances on Predicting Dengue Incidence using Remote Sensing Data", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 344–350, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050440
72. Quach Hai Tho, Huynh Cong Phap, Pham Anh Phuong, "Solutions for Building a System to Support Motion Control for Autonomous Vehicle", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 583–588, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050373
73. Avid Roman-Gonzalez, Natalia Indira Vargas-Cuentas, "Promotion of the Research Activities at the Image Processing Research Laboratory (INTI-Lab) of the UCH as Knowledge Management Strategy", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 563–567, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050370
74. Med Hedi Moulahi, Faycal Ben Hmida, "Degradation Process in Pipeline and Remaining Useful Lifetime Estimation Based on Extended Kalman Filtering", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 457–468, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050357
75. Quach Hai Tho, Huynh Cong Phap, Pham Anh Phuong, "A Solution Applying the Law on Road Traffic into A Set of Constraints to Establish A Motion Trajectory for Autonomous Vehicle", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 450–456, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050356
76. Suchitra Abel, Yenchih Tang, Jake Singh, Ethan Paek, "Applications of Causal Modeling in Cybersecurity: An Exploratory Approach", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 380–387, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050349
77. Efrain Mendez, German Baltazar-Reyes, Israel Macias, Adriana Vargas-Martinez, Jorge de Jesus Lozoya-Santos, Ricardo Ramirez-Mendoza, Ruben Morales-Menendez and Arturo Molina, "ANN Based MRAC-PID Controller Implementation for a Furuta Pendulum System Stabilization", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 324–333, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050342
78. Kartono Kartono, Purwanto Purwanto, Suripin Suripin, "Analysis of Local Rainfall Characteristics as a Mitigation Strategy for Hydrometeorology Disaster in Rain-fed Reservoirs Area", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 299–305, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050339
79. Noraziah Adzhar, Yuhani Yusof, Muhammad Azrin Ahmad, "A Review on Autonomous Mobile Robot Path Planning Algorithms", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 236–240, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050330
80. Bui Quoc Doanh, Ta Chi Hieu, Truong Sy Nam, Pham Thi Phuong Anh, Pham Thanh Hiep, "Performance Analysis of Joint Precoding and Equalization Design with Shared Redundancy for Imperfect CSI MIMO Systems", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 142–149, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050319
81. Anna Konert, Tadeusz Dunin, "A Harmonized European Drone Market? – New EU Rules on Unmanned Aircraft Systems", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 93–99, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050312
82. Zuhri Syarifudin, Suharjito, "Mobile Based for Basic English Learning Assessment with Augmented Reality", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 774–780, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050297
83. Walaa Gouda, Randa Jabeur Ben Chikha, "NAO Humanoid Robot Obstacle Avoidance Using Monocular Camera", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 274–284, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050135
84. Cuong Van Nguyen, Toan Van Quyen, Anh My Le, Linh Hoang Truong, Minh Tuan Nguyen, "Advanced Hybrid Energy Harvesting Systems for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs)", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 34–39, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050105
85. Daniel Szabo, Emese Gincsaine Szadeczky-Kardoss, "Novel Cost Function based Motion-planning Method for Robotic Manipulators", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 386–396, 2019. doi: 10.25046/aj040649
86. Daniel Arteaga, Guillermo Kemper, Samuel G. Huaman Bustamante, Joel Telles, Leon Bendayan, Jose Sanjurjo, "A Method for Mosaicking Aerial Images based on Flight Trajectory and the Calculation of Symmetric Transfer Error per Inlier", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 328–338, 2019. doi: 10.25046/aj040642
87. Leila Amdah, Adil Anwar, "BPMN4 Collaboration: An Extension for collaborative Business Process", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 297–305, 2019. doi: 10.25046/aj040638
88. Noor Syahirah Nordin, Mohd Arfian Ismail, Vitaliy Mezhuyev, Shahreen Kasim, Mohd Saberi Mohamad, Ashraf Osman Ibrahim, "Fuzzy Modelling using Firefly Algorithm for Phishing Detection", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 291–296, 2019. doi: 10.25046/aj040637
89. Omar Freddy Chamorro Atalaya, Dora Yvonne Arce Santillan, Jorge Isaac Castro Bedriñana, Yesica Pamela Leandro Chacón, Martin Díaz Choque, "The Correlation of the Specific and Global Performance of Teachers in UNTELS Engineering Schools", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 196–202, 2019. doi: 10.25046/aj040625
90. Slim Chaoui, Osama Ouda, Chafaa Hamrouni, "A Joint Source Channel Decoding for Image Transmission", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 183–191, 2019. doi: 10.25046/aj040623
91. Ahmad Yusairi Bani Hashim, Silah Hayati Kamsani, Mahasan Mat Ali, Syamimi Shamsuddin, Ahmad Zaki Shukor, "Simulation and Reproduction of a Manipulator According to Classical Arm Representation and Trajectory Planning", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 158–162, 2019. doi: 10.25046/aj040619
92. Evan Hurwitz, Chigozie Orji, "Multi Biometric Thermal Face Recognition Using FWT and LDA Feature Extraction Methods with RBM DBN and FFNN Classifier Algorithms", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 67–90, 2019. doi: 10.25046/aj040609
93. Moufad Imane, Jawab Fouad, "Proposal Methodology of Planning and Location of Loading/Unloading Spaces for Urban Freight Vehicle: A Case Study", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 273–280, 2019. doi: 10.25046/aj040534
94. Wafa Abdouni-Abdallah, Muhammad Saeed Khan, Athanasios Konstantinidis, Anne-Claude Tarot, Aziz Ouacha, "Optimization Method of Wideband Multilayer Meander-Line Polarizer using Semi-Analytical approach and Application to 6-18GHz Polarizer including test with Horn Antenna", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 132–138, 2019. doi: 10.25046/aj040517
95. Gennadii Georgievich Cherepanov, Anatolii Ivanovich Mikhalskii, Zhanna Anatolievna Novosrltseva, "Forecasting Bio-economic Effects in the Milk Production based on the Potential of Animals for Productivity and Viability", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 110–114, 2019. doi: 10.25046/aj040514
96. Takahiro Ishizu, Makoto Sakamoto, Masamichi Hori, Takahiro Shinoda, Takaaki Toyota, Amane Takei, Takao Ito, "Hidden Surface Removal for Interaction between Hand and Virtual Objects in Augmented Reality", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 359–365, 2019. doi: 10.25046/aj040444
97. Anton Kuzmin, "Exchange Rate Modeling: Medium-Term Equilibrium Dynamics", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 251–255, 2019. doi: 10.25046/aj040431
98. Nindhia Hutagaol, Suharjito, "Predictive Modelling of Student Dropout Using Ensemble Classifier Method in Higher Education", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 206–211, 2019. doi: 10.25046/aj040425
99. Kwenga Ismael Munene, Nobuo Funabiki, Md. Manowarul Islam, Minoru Kuribayashi, Md. Selim Al Mamun, Wen-Chung Kao, "An Extension of Throughput Drop Estimation Model for Three-Link Concurrent Communications under Partially Overlapping Channels and Channel Bonding in IEEE 802.11n WLAN", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 94–105, 2019. doi: 10.25046/aj040411
100. Zdenek Kolka, Viera Biolkova, Dalibor Biolek, Zdenek Biolek, "Emulation of Bio-Inspired Networks", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 21–28, 2019. doi: 10.25046/aj040403